Cytology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 basic tissues?
A
Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nerve
2
Q
Exocrine glands and endocrine glands are formed from what type of tissue?
A
Epithelial
3
Q
What are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells?
A
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
4
Q
Select the functions of epithelial cells -
Absorption
protection
secretion
excretion
gas exchange
A
All of the above
5
Q
Connective tissue is - non-vascular/vascular?
A
Vascular
6
Q
List some of the functions of Connective Tissue -
A
- Serves as a medium in which blood vessesl distribute nutrients and take up metabolic waste
- Involved in immune & inflammatory responses
- Involved in tissue repair following injury
7
Q
What type of tissue is responsible for movement and changes in size and shape of body organs?
A
Muscle
8
Q
What are the myofilaments that occupy most of the muscle cytoplasm?
A
Actin and myosin
9
Q
What are the 2 main nervous system cells?
A
neuron and supportin cells
10
Q
T/F
Tissue cells can be membrane bound and non-membrane bound
A
True
11
Q
What are the 3 major components of the Nucleus?
A
Nuclear Envelope
Chromatin
Nucleolus
12
Q
What are the main components of the Nuclear Envelope?
A
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Niclear pores
Nuclear lamina
13
Q
List the morphology of a nucleus in “normal cells”
Shape
Size
Number per cell
Location
A
- Shape: round, ellipsoid, infolded, lobulated
- Size: varies
- Number Per Cell: none to multie
- Location: central, basal, eccentric
14
Q
How much space seperates the 2 unit membrane of the nucleus?
A
10-30nm
15
Q
What other organelle is the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope continuous with?
Why are tehre no ribosomes on the outer membrane?
A
rER
Psyche - the outer membrane can have ribosomes on it.
16
Q
T/F
The inner membrane of the nucleus is associated with the nuclear lamina and is supported by chromatin…
A
- False
- The inner membrane is supported by the lamina and can be associated with chromatin
17
Q
What are the uni-directional gates of the nucleus?
A
- There are none
- Nuclear pores are the bidirectional gates of the nucleus
18
Q
What are the two methods that molecules can pass through the Nuclear Pores?
A
- Small molecules (<40-60 kd) can diffuse through
- Any size proteins with a nuclear localization amino acid sequence can be transported in via active transport
19
Q
What is required of a protein to be facilitatively transported into the nucleus?
A
- Nuclear localization amino acid sequence
- Also - it is not transported through facilitated transports - it is thorugh active transport.
20
Q
What is another name for nuclear pores?
A
Nucleoporins
21
Q
Functions of the Nuclear Lamina:
- Gives [] and [] to the nuclear envelope
- Organizes the [] nuclues (mitotic phase)
- Structural link between [] and the nuclear envelope
- Responsible for the dissolution and [] of the nuclear envelope during [] []
- Positions [] [] complexes within the nuclear evnelope
A
- shape and stability
- interphase
- chromatin
- reformation, cell division
- nuclear pore
22
Q
Where is the nuclear lamina generally located?
A
Between the inner nuclear membrane and the peripheral heterochromatin
23
Q
What type of proteins make up the Nuclear Lamina?
A
intermediate filament proteins called lamins
24
Q
What activity causes the lamina to break apart during mitosis?
A
lamin phosphorylation
25
What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?
* Heterochromatin - condensed, readily visible through microscopy. Not really being transcribed at the moment
* appears as basophilic clump
* Euchromatin - uncoiled. This chromatin is being transcribed and used.
26
What is a "nucleosome?"
What are its component parts?
* A nucleosome is the "beads-on-a-string" model of packaged DNA in the nucleus
* **The Beads** = histones
* Histones are pairs of 4 types of proteins (8 total)
* **The string** - DNA wrapped around the histone (1.75 time
* **Linker DNA** - DNA connecting each histone.
27
How do histones coil eachother even further to a size of 30 nm?
* They form **chromtain fibril**
* ****The chromatin coils consectuve nucleosomes and connects everything with another type of histone
28
What is a rough hierarchy of the size of coiling chromatin?
Nucleosome (11 nm) \< Chromatin Fibril (30 nm) \< 300 nm loops held together by specific protein-DNA complexes \< 700 nm helical loops of chromosomes during metaphase.
29
Definitions:
1. Number of chromosomes in somatic cells
2. Standard map of the banding pattern of each chromosome, or what the chromosome looks like during metaphase
3. Autosomes....
4. Barr Body...
1. Genome
2. Karyotype
3. Chromosomes that are NOT sex chromosomes (humans have 22)
4. An inactive X chromosome in females. It can be seen on a light microscope as heterochromatin
1. it'll be a small drumstick or as a clump usually adjacent to the nuclear envelope
30
This is the site of rRNA transcription and rRNA synthesis in the Nucleus?
Nucleolus
31
Does the nucleolus have a membrane?
How many nucleoli will you find per cell?
No
Normally 1-2
32
What is the Nucleolar Organizing Region?
* The region where 10 expanded interphase chromosomes contribute rRNA-producing DNA loops to the nucleolus
33
What helps to reorganze the nucleoli following cell division?
The Nucleolar Organizing Region
34
What is the _specific_ composition of ribosomes and their function in creating proteins?
* Large Subunit
* 5S, 28S, 5.8S
* Catalyzes peptide bond formation
* Small Subunit
* 18S
* binds mRNA and tRNA together
35
Which rRNA is not formed in the nucleolus?
5S
36
Formation of Ribosome in Nucleolus:
1. transcription of [] to form pre-[]
2. Association of pre-rRNA with [] proteins to form []
3. Cleavage of pre- [] into the []S, [] S, and [] S found in ribosomes
1. rDNA; pre-rRNA
2. ribosomal; ribonucleoprotiens
3. pre-rRNA; 5.8S, 18S, 28S
37
Formation of Ribosome in nucleus
1. 28S and 5.8S rRNA combine with []S rRNA to form the [] subunit
1. Where is the [] S rRNA transcribed?
2. [] transport of ribosomal subunits to the cytoplasm through [] []
Formation of Ribosome in Cytoplasm
1. Assembly of ribosomal subunits into [] and [] in the presence of mRNA
1. 5S; Large Subunit
1. Nucleus....not nucleolus
2. Active; nuclear pores
1. ribosomes and polysomes
38
T/F
Does the underlying cytoskeleton partly determine the shape of the surface of a membrane?
True
39
What are the 4 concepts to remember regarding membranes?
1. They are not homogenous
2. Membrane components are in a constant dynamic flux
3. They are asymmetric
4. The shape of the membrane is partly determined by the underlying cytoskeleton
40
What are all membranes composed of?
1. Lipids - membranes form and permeability properties
2. Proteins - responsible for the membranes specific functions
3. Carbohydrates - confined to membranes surface
41
Membrane Lipids
1. [] are the most abundant tyope of lipid in membranes
2. Phospholipids are [] - containing a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region
3. [] is the second major lipid of membranes
1. Why?
4. [] are the third most abundant membrane lipids
1. where are these found?
1. **Phospholipids**
2. amphipathic
3. **Cholesterol**
1. It freezes at a lower temperature so it helps maintain the structural integrity of the membrane
4. **Glycolipids**
1. outer leaflet
42
Membrane Proteins
1. Can be [] or []
1. Where are these types of proteins associated with the membrane?
2. Membrane protiens perform [] of the membrane's functions
3. the [] [] technique indicates the prescence of membrane proteins
1. integral or peripheral
1. **Integral**: The protein is buried into the lipid bilayer and can sometimes go all the way through to be a **transmembrane protein.**
2. **Peripheral** - associated with the hydrophilic heads of the membrane through ionic interactions
2. Most
3. Freeze Fracture
43
Where are carboyhydrates located in membranes?
What is the function of these carbs on the membrane?
* Carbs are attached to proteins sticking out of the outer layer of the membrane - creating the **glycocalyx**
* The **glycogalyx** is a "fuzzy" area outside the sell that performs...
* cell to cell interactions
* also it can start to breakdown molecules before it reaches the cell
44
What is the highly dynamic, complex network of protein filaments taht organize the cytoplasm and determine cell shape?
The cytoskeleton
45
Functions of the cytoskeleton:
1. [] motility
2. organelle and [] transport
3. [] contraction
4. cell []
5. endocytosis/[]
6. providing [] strength
1. cell motility
2. organelle and vesicle transport
3. muscle contraction
4. cell division
5. phagocytosis
6. providing mechanical strength
46
What are the 3 size groups of the cytoskeleton components? How thick is each component?
1. Microfilaments (7 nm thick)
2. Intermediate filaments (10 nm)
3. Microtubules (25 nm in diameter
47
Microfilaments:
1. composed of [], which acounts for [] - [] % of cytoskeletal proteins
2. Specifically composed of []-[] that bind head to tail to form the polarized [] [].
3. Requires the hydrolyzation of [] --\> [] during polymerization
1. Actin; 5-10%
2. G-actin; acting protofilament
3. ATP --\> ADP
48
Describe the composition of a Microfilament
* 2 protofilaments twist around each other to form a helical F-actin filament
* F-actin is polarized with a plus end (barbed) and a minus end (pointed)
* Filament grows at the + end.
49
What complex is responsible for the nucleation of F-actin filaments?
ARP
Consists of: Arp3 Arp2 + other proteins + actin monomers
50
What general class of actin-binding protein allows for microfilaments to branch, giving off almost a web-like appearance?
Arp proteins
"Actin-Related Proteins"
51
What are the 2 types of "Actin Cross-linking Proteins" (these are actin-binding proteins) and what are some examples of each?
* **Bundling Proteins** - cross-link actin into a parallel array
* Ex: fimbrin, a-actin, villin
* **Gel-Forming proteins** - 3D meshworks that can form semi-solid gels
* Ex: spectrin, filamin
52
What are the 3 types of cortical arrays of actin filaments?
* Contactile bundle
* Gel-like network
* tight parallel bundle
53
What are 3 examples of micro-filament based movement?
* Contractile movement - sliding cytoskeletal fibers
* think actin and myosin
* Moving the cell membrane and moving organells
* _Requires the actin to be anchored to the cell membrane_
* Moving other cytoskeletal fibers
54
What actin binding protein utilizes ATP to move along the actin filament? Also give 2 specific examples.
What end of the microfilaments does it move towards, +/-?
* Actin-motor protein: myosin I and II
* It moves towards the plus end
55
Functions of Actin:
1. cell attachment
2. cell - [] adhesion
3. cell surface modifications (ex: [] and [] )
4. movement/ []
1. cell attachment
2. cell - cell adhesion
3. microvilli and stereo cilia
4. movement/contraction
56
Intermediate FIlaments
* [] nm in diameter
* Not []
* [] stable than actin or tubulin
* function = []
* provides [] strength
1. 10 nm
2. Not polarized
3. More
4. Structural
5. Mechanical
57
Each cell type has a specific type of Intermedia Filaments - name the 4 types we learend, and where you can find these cell types?
1. Keratins - found in all epithelial cells
2. Vimentin-like - Mesenchymal, muscle, neuroglial cells
3. Neurofilament - neurons
4. Lamins - all nucleated cells
5. Bonus from Notes
1. Beaded Filaments - eye lens fiber cells
58
What structure forms the basic subunit for assembly of IFs?
A structure of **8 tetramers** composed of **2 staggered dimers**
59
What are the subunits of the Microtubules?
* 13 parallel protofilaments
* Each protofilament is composed of dimers of alpha and beta tubulin subunits
60
1. Are the Microtubules polarized?
2. Which end of the MT is growing/receeding?
3. Which end is embeded in the MTOC
1. What is the MTOC and what is an example?
1. Yes, there is a plus and minus end
2. The plus end is rapidly growing, the minus end is slowly growing...it is NOT receeding!
3. The minus end is embedded in the MTOC
1. MTOC = microtubule organzing center
2. The centrosome is an example
61
How wide is the diameter of the MTs?
Do MTs branch like microfilaments?
25 nm
## Footnote
**NO**
62
The centrosome is composed of 2 things: what are they?
1. Fibrous centrosome matrix containing 50 or more copies of the gamma-TuRC (tubulin ring complex?)
2. Pair of centrioles arranged at righ angles to each other
63
What are some of the functions of MTs?
1. Maintenance of [] shape
2. transport of []
3. Separation of [] during mitosis/meiosis
4. []/flagellar movement
1. Cell shape
2. organelles
3. Chromosomes
4. Ciliary
64
Each centriole is composed of [] triplets of microtubules
9
65
Many of the functions of MT are due to the property of [] [].
What is this?
* Dynamic Instability
* Refers to the rapid growing or shrinkage of the MT
* GTP present = growing
* GDP present = shrinking
66
Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)
1. Bind alongside MTs and organize MTs into []
2. Stabilize MTs against []
3. [] interaction of MTs with other [] components
4. Organize [] into functionally different areas
5. Increase rate of []
1. or growing/[]
1. bundles
2. Disassembly
3. Mediate; cellular
4. cytoplasm
5. nucleation (or elongation)
1. growing/shrinking
67
Microtubule Motor Proteins
1. [] directs movement towards the plus end of MTs
2. [] directs movement towards the minu end of MTs
1. Consists of 2 types: [] and []
3. What energy molecule do these motor proteins use?
1. kinesin
2. Dyneins
1. cytoplasmic and axonemal
3. ATP
68
What are some drugs that affect MT dynamics?
* taxol
* colcemid/colchicine
* vincristine/vinblastine
69
Interphase:
1. G1 - cell [] its environment and size; period of cell []
2. G0 - specialized [] state or [] differentiated state
3. S Phase - [] of DNA, duplication of []
4. G2 - [] gap
Where are the 2 restriction points?
1. monitors, growth
2. resting, terminal
3. replication of DNA, duplication of centrioles
4. Safety Gap
Restriction points - end of G1 and then G2
70
Prophase:
1. chromatin starts to []
2. dissassembly of cytoplasmic []
3. beginning of [] [] formation
1. condense
2. MTs
3. mitotic spindle
71
Prometaphase:
1. breakdown of [] []
2. attachment of [] to spindle
1. nuclear envelope
2. chromosomes
72
Metaphase:
1. alignment of chromosomes on the [] []
1. Metaphase Plate
73
Anaphase:
1. Separation of []
2. Movement of [] to opposite poles
1. kinetochores
2. chromatids
74
Telophase:
1. separated [] arrive at poles
2. Disappearance of [] []
3. Elongation of polar []
4. reformation of []
5. [] decondense
1. chromatids
2. kinetochore MTs
3. MTs
4. nucleus
5. chromosomes
75
What part of cell cycle are the centrioles replicated?
How long do they remain together?
Replicated during interphase (S)
Remains together until prophase
76
What are the three MT's comprising the Mitotic Spindle? What is each MT's role?
1. Polar MTs
1. responsible for pushing poles apart
2. Kinetochore MTs
1. attach to kinetochore at centromere
3. Astral MTs
1. radiate in all directions from centrosome
2. contributes to forces that separate poles
3. Positions poles in the cell
77
* This organelle is prominent in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism and in steroid synthesis
* Responsible for synthesizing cholesterol
* synthesize lipid portion of lipproteins
* sequesters calcium from the cytosol
* In skeletal muscle...it is known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplastic Reticulum
78
Rough Endoplastic Reticulum:
1. Prominent in [] secreting cells
2. Ribosomes are directed to the rER by the [] [] on the growing polypeptide chain
3. cleavage of the signal peptide and initial glycosylation of the protein chain occurs in the [] []
1. Protein
2. signal peptide
3. rER cisternae
79
rER functions in [] - [] modification of newly synthesized proteins destinded for what "harsh locations?"
* Post-translational
* secretion, lysosomes, plasma membrane
80
What type of staining dye can localize rER?
What is the technical name for cytoplasm that takes up basic stains?
* Basic dyes, because of the amino acids on peptides will react with basic dyes
* Ergastoplasm
81
What type of stain, stains the Golgi apparatus?
Osmium
82
What is the difference between the cis and trans faces of the Golgi?
* **Cis** - faces the rER and receives vesicles containing proteins for packaging and delivery.
* Convex in shape
* **Trans** - faces out towards the plasma membrane. Sends out vesicles containing proteins tagged for their specific destinations.
* Concave shape
83
What are the 4 compartments of the Golgi
Cis Compartment (cis face)
Intermediate or Medial Compartment
Trans Compartment
Trans Golgi Network (TGN)
84
What organelle is prominent in cells the metabolize lipids and synthesize steroids? What are examples of each of these cells?
sER
* Lipids - hepatocytes
* Steroids - Leydig
85
How does the Golgi target protein packages for the following destinations?
Membranes
Lysosomes
Secretory Vesicles
* Membranes - constitutive secretion to the membrane
* Lysosomes - Golgi tags it with a Mannose 6-P
* Secretion - signal mediate in the trans golgi network
86
What do clathrin-coated vesicles carry from the Golgi?
How are clathrin-coated vesicles formed?
* Signal directed transport of proteins to the lysosome
* Signal directed transport of protesin to secretory granules
* Coated pits on the membrane during **recepto-mediated endocytosis**
87
Where is the triskelion morphology found?
* On clathrin coated vesicles.
88
* What are the names of the 2 types of Coatomer-Coated Vesicles?
* Where do Coatomer-Coated vesicles transport to and from?
* What are the transport methods for the Coatomer-Coated Vesicles?
* COP I
* Retrograde - from Golgi to rER
* COP II
* Anterograde - from rER to Golgi
Transfer from Golgi --\> rER and back again.
89
Cavolae:
* form due to [] composition of membranes
* major structural protein is []
* function in [] - [] endocytosis
* Important for []
* lipid
* caveolin
* clathrin-independent
* transcytosis
90
[] are vesicles associated with endocytosis including receptor-mediated endocytosis...
Endosomes
91
What are the 2 types of Endocytosis?
1. **Pinocytosis** - ingestion of fluids and solutes via small vesicles
1. includes receptor-mediated endocytosis
2. **Phagocytosis** - ingestion of large particles by specialized cells
92
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
1. [] of specific molecules from the extracellular environement
2. Begins at specialized regions of the plasma membrane know as coated pits containing []
3. The coated pits invaginate to form [] - [] vesciles
4. Vesicles lose their [] [] and fuse with or mature into an []
1. Ingestion
2. Clathrin
3. Clathrin-Coated
4. Clathrin-coat; endosome
93
How does cholestrol enter into cells?
Why is this important? ie: what happens if there is a malfunction in this process?
* Cholesterol is carried by LDL proteins in the blood stream. These LDL proteins have correlated receptors on the plasma membranes of cells.
* Once these LDL proteins bind to LDL-binding sites, the protein and **cholestrol are "endocytosed."**
* If there is a malfunction in the LDL-binding sites, cholesterol will not enter the cells as rapidly and you'll have **high blood choelsterol** ---\> leading to coronary arterial disease
94
Endocytosis:
1. Ingestion of fluid and particles \< than [] nm in diameter
2. Can be either [] - independent or [] - dependent as in receptor mediated endocytosis
1. 150 nm
2. Clathrin; Clathrin
95
Phagocytosis:
1. Ingestion of large particles, \> [] nm
2. Vesicles formed inside the cell are called []
1. these fuse with [] to degrade more particles
3. Perfromed by specialized cells originating mostly from []
1. 250
2. Phagosome
1. Lysosome
3. Monocytes
96
Phagocytes recognizes the surface of the foreign substance and ingest the substance by "[]" its membrane around receptors/proteins on the membrane of the foreign substance...
zippering
97
Lysosomes:
1. Internal pH of ~ [] maintained by an ATP-driven [] pump
2. Functions in the [] of endocytosed material
3. Also degrades cellular material like [], [], and other []
4. Where are the hydrolases, within lysosomes, created and how are they targeted for Lysosome delivery?
1. 4.7, proton
2. degradation
3. long lived proteins, organelles, and other macromolecules
4. rER, Mannose-6-Phosphate is tagged onto the hydrolases
98
What are the 2 pathways to exocytosis?
1. Contitutive
1. Continuous delivery of contents
2. Regulated Secretory Pathway
1. Endocrine/Neurons need a signal for release
99
Regulated secretory pathways are [] dependent....
Calcium
100
Striated muscle cells, cells engaged in fluid/electrolyte transport, and hepatocytes ahve numerous []
Mitochondria
101
This stain allows you to see mitochondria through a light microscope...
PTAH
102
What are the three lipid layers of the mitochondira membrane?
FALSE
Mitochondira have 2 membranes. An inner and an outer membrane
103
What type of "holes" line the outer membrane of the mitochondria?
What is transported through these?
Porins
Small uncharged molecules
104
105
Cytochrome C is located in which membranous area? What function does it have once in the cytoplasm?
Intermembrane space of the mitochondria
Initiates Apoptosis
106
[] has the highest protein concentration of any other membrane in the cell?
Inner Membrane of the mitochondria
107
What types of DNA/RNA do mitochondria possess?
* DNA
* rRNA
* tRNA
* mRNA
108
What reactions take place in the matrix of the mitochondria?
* Conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids into Acetyl CoA
* Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle
109
Mitochondria proliferate by [] (Fission) of pre-exisitng mitochondria. Their life span is ~ [] days.
* Division
* 10 days
110
1. Mitochondrial DNA is [] , like bacteria
2. Mitochondrial DNA codes for rRNA and tRNA and a little bit of []
1. However most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by [] [] with mRNA translations
1. circular
2. mRNA
1. Nuclear DNA
111
In brown fat cells, mitochondria produces [] instead of ATP.
Heat
112
List a brief outline of the steps the mitochondria goes through to intiated apoptosis...
1. Cytochrome C is released into the cytoplasm and binds to **Apaf-1**
2. The new CytC-Apaf-1 complex bind to an **inactive procaspase-9**
3. This actives procaspase-9 which leads to a **Caspase Cascade**
4. This cascade leads to apoptosis
113
Peroxisomes:
1. Major function: []-[] of fatty acid molecules
2. Carries out oxidative reaction to produce [] []
3. Contains oxidative enzymes like [] and []
4. [] converts excess H2O2 --\> H2O
5. Also important in the [] of toxins that enter the bloodstream
1. Primarily in the [] and [] cells
2. Castalyzes the first reaction in the formation of []
1. The most abundant phospholipid in []
1. B-oxidation
2. hydrogen peroxide
3. catalse, urate oxidase
4. catalase
5. detoxification
1. liver and kidney
2. plasmalogens
1. myelin
114
What are types of inclusions you can find within a cell?
Glycogen
Hemodeserin
Melanin
Extrinsic material picked up by the cell
(Lipofuscin)
115
Zellweger Syndrome causes 2 main issues due to malfunction peroxisomes, what are they?
1. Cells have long chains of fatty acids (since no peroxisomes to do B-Oxidation)
2. Cells also have issues with myeling sheath due to a lack of **plasmalogens**
116
Can glycogen be seen in light microscopy and Electron Microscopy?
* Light Microscopy - yes, but only with **PAS stain**
* Electron Microscopy - yes, show up as "rosettes"
117
Glycogenated hepatocyte nuclei are commonly found in liver biopsys from patient with disorders such as....
Diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, Wilson's diseas
118
Lipid droplets are not surrounded by a []
Membrane
119
In EM, lipid droplets are usually associate dwith or surrounded by []
Mitochondria
120
What is Steatosis?
What does it look like on a light microscope?
Abnormal fat accumulation in liver cells due to obseity, alochol consumption, and other conditions of abnormal metabolism.
It looks like a bunch of red dots on a white fat cell.
121
1. Lipofuscin is a build up of what?
2. It is normall found in cells that cannot [].
3. How does it show up on a light microscope?
1. It is a build up of particles that lysosomes could not eat up
2. It is normally found in cells that cannot divided/reproduce
1. Nerve, Cardiac Muscle, Hepatocytes
3. It is a yellow-brown pigment
122
[] is a granular pigment derived from Hemoglobin
Hemosiderin
123
Hemosiderin are normall located in macrophages of the spleen, bone marrow, and liver where old [] [] cells are degraded
red blood
124
1. [] are a byproduct of steroid synthesis and normall found in [] cells of the testis
2. These are the [] common of the inclusions
1. Crystals; Leydig
2. Least
125
Apoptosis: (answer each numer)
1. Patter of Death:
2. Changes in Cell size:
3. Plasma Membrane:
4. Mitochondria:
5. Nucleus and DNA:
6. Other Changes:
7. End Result:
8. Cause of Death:
1. Single Cell
2. Shrinkage and fragmentation
3. Blebbing (phospholipids change orientation
4. Cyt C and Apaf-1 are released in cytoplasm
5. Chromatin is condensed and fragmented
6. Appearance of apoptotic bodies in cytoplasm
7. Cellsa re phagocytized with **no inflammation**
8. Programed death from inside/outside of cell
126
Necrosis: (answer each numer)
1. Pattern of Death:
2. Changes in Cell size:
3. Plasma Membrane:
4. Mitochondria:
5. Nucleus and DNA:
6. Other Changes:
7. End Result:
8. Cause of Death:
1. Groups of neighboring cells
2. Swelling
3. Lysis
4. Swelling/structure is disorderd
5. nuclear envelope is disrupted
6. Organelles swell and are disrupted
7. inflammation
8. Injury to cells/tissue
127
In apoptosis the cell ultimately breaks up into membrane-bound [] that are phagocytized by macrophages leaving no trace.
globules
128
Are capsase cascades within cells triggered instrinsicly or extrinsicly?
BOTH
1. CyctC- Apaf-1 can initiate a caspase cascade within a cell
2. Lymphocytes with **fas ligand** can bind to **fas receptor proteins** and cause a caspase cascade
