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Sys Path > Vascular System > Flashcards

Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular lesions

A

-edema and congestion
-hemorrhage
-thrombosis
-ischemia/infarcts

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2
Q

Degenerative disease of arteries

A
  1. arterioschlerosis
    2.Atherosclerosis
  2. Arterial hypertrophy
  3. Aneurysms
  4. Arterial medial calcification
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3
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

HARDENING OF ARTERY WALL
-loss of elasticity
-luminal narrowing

-occurs in elastic arteries like abdominal aorta, and occur commonly at branching sites

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4
Q
A

Arteriosclerosis
-intima with raised corrugated white plaques
-plaques may have calcium deposits

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5
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

-excessive cholesterol deposited in arterial walls
-rare in animals

-linked with heart attacks (myocardial infarcts) in humans

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6
Q

Atheromas

A

-cholesterol plaques in intima and media of arteries
-common in coronary arteries (heart attack) and cerebral arteries (stroke)

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7
Q

When does Atherosclerosis occur in animals?

A

-most commonly seen in hypothyroid dogs with hypercholesteolemia or diabetes mellitus

-also seen in pigs, psittacine birds and pigeons fed high lipid diets

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8
Q
A

Atherosclerosis
-thick arteries on heart
-Histo: plaques with foamy, lipid laden macrophages, cholesterol, fibroblasts, smooth muscle proliferation

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9
Q

Arterial hypertrophy

A

-hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the smooth muscle of muscular arteries

-results in loss of elasticity, narrowing of lumen, and increased resistance

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10
Q

Broad cause of arterial hypertrophy

A

Hypertension

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11
Q

High altitude (brisket disease)

A

Caused pulmonary hypertension, medial hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries, increased flow resistance, dilation hypertrophy of right ventricle=Right heart failure
-also see ascited and SQ edema

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12
Q

Pulmonary hypertension and arterial hypertrophy in cats

A
  1. Dirofilaria immitis
  2. Renal disease
  3. Some association seen with Aelurostrongylus absstrusus (although idea mostly abandoned because seen in uninfected)
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13
Q

Aneurysm

A

-localized weakening and dilation of blood vessels, particularly elastic arteries and to a lesser extent veins

-prone to rupture causing hemothorax, hemoabdomen, hemopericardium, brain hemorrhage

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14
Q

Types of aneurysms

A

1.Saccular aneurysm
-spherical/ovoid dilation of blood vessel (like a balloon)

  1. Dissecting aneurysm
    -a tear in the intima allowing blood to enter space between the intima and media, dissecting wall of vessel
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15
Q

Common causes of aneurysms

A
  1. Strongylus vulgaris in horses (cranial mesenteric artery, aorta)
  2. Spirocerca lupi in dogs
  3. Copper deficiency in mares and pigs
  4. Trauma

5.Atherosclerosis and hypertension in humans

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16
Q
A

Saccular or fusiform aneurysm

Etiology: strongylus vulgaris

17
Q
A

saccular or Fusiform aneurysm

Etiology: Spirocerca lupi

18
Q

Arterial medial calcification

A

-Arterial calcification

Causes:

  • Hypervitaminosis D or ingestion of toxic plants containing vitamin D analogs
  • Chronic granulomatous diseases (Johne’s disease and TB)
    -Age related arterosclerosis
    -Aortic lesions associated with migrating larvae of Spirocerca lupi in dogs
19
Q
A

Arterial calcification

20
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

-describes vascular change in small arteries and arterioles characterized by deposition of acidophilic proteinaceous material in vascular walls

21
Q

Conditions causing fibrinoid necrosis

A

-viral infections (swine fever, porcine circovirus)

-toxic conditions (uremia, mercury poisoning)

-bacterial toxins (enterotoxemia and edema disease of swine (E.coli))

-Nutritional deficiencies (mulberry heart disease)

-Purpura hemorrhagica in horses from Streptococcus equi infections

-immune mediated vasculitis (lupus)

22
Q
A

Fibrinoid Necrosis

23
Q

Vasculitis

A

-inflammation of small arteries and veins

-only detectable by histopathology but its effect is seen grossly as hemorrhage, edema, small infarcts

24
Q

Common causes of vasculitis

A

-systemic infections

-hypersensitivities where antigen-antibody complexes attach to walls of blood vessels

-adverse drug reactions

25
Q
A

Signs of Vasculitis
-edema
-meningoencephalitis
-infarction and hemorrhage in omasum

26
Q
A

Arteritis
-mesenteric artery in a horse
-linked with Strongylys vulgaris and colic

27
Q

Dirofilaria immitis

A

Adult nematodes parasitize the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
*can cause endoarteritis

28
Q
A

Dirofilaria immitis

29
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of the veins
-often become thrombosed, resulting in thrombophlebitis

30
Q

Common forms of thrombophlebitis

A
  1. Vena cava thrombosis
    -cattle; secondary to hepatic abscess eroding wall of vena cava
  2. Omphalophlebitis
    -umbilical veins become infected and inflamed after birth

3.Latrogenic phlebitis
-improper venipuncture

4.Parasitic phlebitis
-eg. Schistosoma sp. (blood fluke trematode)

31
Q
A

Vena Cava thrombophlebitis
-can lead to thrombus detaching and becoming embolic pneumonia

32
Q
A

-Omphalophlebitis

33
Q

Thrombosis and Thromboembolism

A

-occur from vascular or endocardial diseases or coagulopathies

-Horses: Strongylus vulgaris
-Dogs: primary cardiomyopathies, Dirofilaria immitis
-Cats: primary cardiomyopathies
-Cattle: Valvular endocarditis, septicemia, vena cava thrombosis
-Pigs: valvulr endocarditis

34
Q

Lymphangiectasia

A

-abnormal dilation of lymphatic vessels

*intestinal lymphangiectasia is common cause of protein losing enteropathy in dogs

35
Q
A

Lymphangiectasia
-dog
-dilated mesentery

36
Q

Chylothorax and Chyloabdomen

A

-rupture of lymphatics and leakage of chyle into thoracic or abdominal cavities

-causes: trauma, idiopathic, surgery, inflammation, neoplasia

37
Q
A

Chylothorax

38
Q

Lymphagitis

A

-inflammation of lymphatic vessels

-seen with Johne’s disease (mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis)
- Glanders (Burkholderia mallei),
- Ulcerative lymphagitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
-Epizootic lymphangitis
-Sporotrichosis

Sys Path (10 decks)

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