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Sys Path > Pericardium and Endocardium > Flashcards

Pericardium and Endocardium Flashcards

1
Q

Serous Atrophy of Fat

A

-pericardial, visceral and bone marrow fat appear gelatinous
-seen in cachexia

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2
Q

Pericardial Hemorrhage

A

-common post mortem findings in animals that had hypoxia, sepsis, toxemia, DIC, coagulopathies, and electrocution

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3
Q

Classifications of pericardial hemorrhage

A

1.Petechial
2. Ecchymotic
3. Paint brush

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4
Q
A

Pericardial hemorrhage
1. petechial
2. ecchymotic
3. paint brush

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5
Q

Pericardial Effusion and the different types

A

Filling of pericardium that can compress heart resulting in decreased filling, and CO. Can result in cardiac tamponade

  1. Hydropericardium= transudate (clear, low cell and proteins)
  2. Hemopericardium= blood (RBCs, high protein)
  3. Pericarditis= exudate
    (High cells and protein)
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6
Q

Distension of pericardial sac

A

Enlarges on demand to accommodate
1.excess fluid in hydropericardium
2.non fatal progressive pericardial hemorrhage in hemopericardium
3.exudate in pericarditis
4. Enlarged heart in cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy

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7
Q

Hydropericardium

A

Low protein transudate in pericardial sac

Caused by hydrostatic pressure increase from right sided heart failure, hypoproteinemia (loss, decreased intake, or decreased production), altered vascular permeability (DIC, sepsis), or decreased lymphatic drainage (tumours)

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8
Q

Hemopericardium

A

Accumulation of blood in pericardial sac

caused by atrial or aortic rupture, hemangiosarcoma, cardiac trauma/puncture

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9
Q

What can acute hemorrhage of hemopericardium cause?

A

Cardiac tamponade= sudden death

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10
Q
A

Hydropericardium

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11
Q
A

Hemopericardium

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12
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A

Tumoral mass in right atrium
-appears dark because neoplastic cells form blood filled vascular channels

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13
Q
A

Hemangiosarcoma

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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium
-diffuse, and usually involving both the epicardium and pericardium

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15
Q

Types of pericarditis

A

*Depends on exudate:
1. Fibrinous
2. Suppurative
3. Fibrinohemorrhaguc
4. Granulomatous

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16
Q
A

Pericarditis
-inflammation
-rib impressions

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17
Q

Fibrinous pericarditis

A

-fibrinous exudate covers heart
-called cor villosum, or shaggy heart, or bread and butter

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18
Q
A

Fibrinous pericarditis

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19
Q

Causes of Fibrinous pericarditis in ruminants vs. pigs

A

Ruminants: Mannheimimia haemolytica, Clostridium chauvoei, E coli, Streptococcus, Pasteurella multocida

Pigs: Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser’s), Streptococcus suis, Mulberry heart disease, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

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20
Q

Polyserositis in Pigs

A

Glasser’s Disease
-caused by streptococcus suis or Glaesserella parasuis
-will appear as fibrin and fluid in pericardial sac, AND firbinopurulent exudate in joint

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21
Q
A

Glasser’s Disease
-Polyserositis

22
Q

Black Leg

A

-caused by clostridium chauvoei

-appears as fibrinous pericarditis, black discolouration on leg muscle, and fibrin strands in pericardial sac

23
Q
A

Black Leg
-Clostridium chauvoei

24
Q

Traumatic Reticulopericarditis

A

-Hardware Disease- caused by metal foreign bodies

-results in suppurative pericarditis and thick dilated pericardial sac

25
Q
A

Suppurative pericarditis from hardware disease (traumatic reticulopericarditis)

26
Q

Chronic Pericarditis components

A
  1. Brisket edema due to Right heart failure
  2. Distended pericardial sac
  3. Pericardial sac filled with fibrin and blood and organized fibrin on epicardium
27
Q

What can chronic pericarditis lead to?

A

Can lead to Constrictive pericarditis= heart is encased in dense fibrous scar limiting diastolic expansion and CO

28
Q
A

Chronic Pericarditis

29
Q
A

Chronic constrictive pericarditis
-dense fibrous capsule resembling a plaster mold!

30
Q

Endocardial diseases

A

-Endocardial fibrosis
-endocardial mineralization
-valvular cysts
-endocarditis
-myxomatous degeneration

31
Q

Primary endocardial fibroelastosis

A

-hereditary disease in humans and Burmese cats, no underlying cardiac disease
-pathogenesis unknown

32
Q

Secondary/acquired endocardial fibrosis

A

Types:

1.Focal-abnormal blood turbulences in atria and ventricles=jet lesions
-valvular insufficiencies

  1. Diffuse- sub endocardial fibrosis secondary to prolonged cardiac dilation
33
Q
A

Subendocardial fibrosis
-endocardium thickened due to abnormal deposition of collagen and elastic fibres
-smooth or corrugated surface
-diffusely white

34
Q

Clinical relevance of severe generalized fibrosis

A

Can impair ventricular filling during diastole and reduce stroke volume leading to congestive heart failure

35
Q

Endocardial Mineralization

A

Abnormal deposition of calcium or mineral in endocardium
-can be metastatic or dystrophic

36
Q

Metastatic vs. dystrophic endocardial mineralization

A

Metastatic: high levels of circulating Ca in hypercalcemic states

Dystrophic: secondary calcification in injured endocardium

37
Q

Causes of endocardial mineralization

A
  1. Hypervitaminosis D
    -excess vitamin D or animals ingesting vitamin D analogs (rodenticides or toxic plants)
  2. Chronic granulomatous diseases
    -bovine with paratuberculosis or tuberculosis
  3. Uremia
38
Q
A

Subendocardial mineralization

39
Q

Valvular cysts

A

-common in calves
-incidental findings; cysts may regress and disappear. No clinical significance

-Types
1. Lymphocyst- content is clear
2. Hematocyst- content is blood

40
Q
A

Valvular lymphocyst

41
Q
A

Valvular Hematocyst

42
Q

Myxomatous valvular degeneration (endocardiosis)

A

-most common cardiac lesion found at necropsy of dogs
-incidence increases with age
-typically mitral valve
-nodular thickening of valve with smooth shiny surface
-may or may not cause valvular dysfunction

43
Q
A

Myxomatous valvular degeneration (endocardiosis)

44
Q

Endocardiosis and ruptured chordae tendineae

A

Endocardiosis (thick nodular valves) can lead to ruptured chordae tendinae
-this leads to eversion of leaflet into atrium

*need to open left atrium, remove blood, fill with water and rhythmically compress heart. If ruptured then one or more tendineae will whip out

45
Q

Endocarditis

A

inflammation of the endocaridum
-occurs in all species
-commonly caused by bacteria and sometimes fungi and parasites

46
Q

Endocarditis classification based on location

A
  1. Valvular endocarditis- valves
  2. Mural endocarditis- ventricular or atrial wall
47
Q

Endocarditis classification based in appearance

A
  1. Vegetative- cauliflower like mass of exudate and fibrin attached to heart valve or endocardium
  2. Ulcerative-endocardium is ulcerated
48
Q

Common sequelae of endocarditis

A

Thromboembolism

-mitral or aortic endocarditis often causes renal infarcts

-tricuspid and pulmonic endocarditis cause pulmonary infarcts or embolic pneumonia

49
Q
A

Vegetative valvular endocarditis

50
Q

Vegetative valvular endocarditis

A

-common in farm animals (pigs and cattle) suffering from bacteremia
-sometimes in dogs and cats

51
Q

Possible bacteria causing endocarditis

A

Horses: Streptococcus equi and Actinobacillus equuli

Cattle: Trueperella pyogenes

Pigs: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Streptococcus suis type 2

Dogs: Staphylococcus aureus

Cats: Bartonella and Streptococcus sp

52
Q
A

Ulcerative endocarditis
-white-red thick wrinkled areas of endocarditis
-mineralization, and fibrous tissues

**formed by uremia in dogs with chronic renal failure

Sys Path (10 decks)

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