Diseases of Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea

Question 1

Diseases of dog in resp

Answer 1

-aspergillosis
-foreign body rhinitis
-allergic rhinitis
-carcinomas
-brachycephalic syndrome

Question 2

Aspergillosis

Answer 2

-fungal infection seen in nasal cavity of dogs
>typically far back in nasal cavity and cause destruction of bone
>presents as sneezing or chronic nasal discharge (thicker, can be greenish)
*usually starts as unilateral and becomes bilateral nasal discharge later
>inflammatory cells and fungus on histo

Question 3

Foreign body and allergic rhinitis

Answer 3

-presents as unilateral nasal discharge and/or sneezing
-granulomatous (macrophages) discharge (green, white, red)
-usually acute onset

Question 4

Carcinomas/neoplasia of dog nasal cavity

Answer 4

-can be benign, malignant
-presents as sneezing, discharge, and may include bleeding due to destruction

Question 5

Brachycephalic syndrome

Answer 5

• combination of elongated soft palate, small nares, everted laryngeal saccules (due to increased rep effort), abnormally shaped trachea (flat and wide, dorsal ligament is broader) leading to collapsed trachea

Question 6

Diseases of cats nasal cavity

Answer 6

-Viral disease
-Cryptococcus
-polyps

Question 7

Viral respiratory disease causes

Answer 7

Commonly caused by:
-Feline Herpes virus 1
-Feline calicivirus

Question 8

Viral respiratory disease presentations in cats

Answer 8

Presents as bilateral runny, watery nasal discharge
>secondary infections can lead it to become snotty, thicker
>Calicivirus can also cause ulcerations
>Herpes can also be linked with conjunctivitus

Question 9

Cryptococcus

Answer 9

Fungal infection caused by cryptococcus neoformans or cryptococcus gattii
-can infect other species but mostly cats
-from exposure in the environment

Question 10

Presentation of cryptococcus in cats

Answer 10

-causes destruction; can go through cribiform plate into brain
-form gelatinous masses

Question 11

Nasopharyngeal polyps

Answer 11

Note: polyp- something growing on a stalk

-occur in the back of nasopharynx
-inflammatory in nature
-cause is unknown
-sometimes find incidentally

Question 12

Diseases of horses

Answer 12

-viral infections
-ethmoidal hematomas
-strangles
-guttural pouch mycosis/empyema

Question 13

Common viral diseases causing upper resp in horses

Answer 13

-herpes virus 1 and 4
-equine influenza
-equine rhinitis

**clinically indistinguishable from each other

Question 14

Ethmoidal hematomas

Answer 14

-Progressive collections of blood masses in the
nasal conchae ethmoid region= giant blood clot
-usually unilateral
-cause unknown; occurs in older horses

Question 15

Strangles

Answer 15

-bacterial infection caused by strepticoccus equi equi species

Signs:
-bilateral suppurative lymphadenitis
-Mucopurulent: green, yellow, red thick nasal discharge
-fever

Question 16

Complications with strangles

Answer 16

1.ruptured lymph nodes=infectious to other animals, and can result in aspiration of material= bronchopneumonia

2.Type III-purpura hemorrhagica: caused by antigen-antibody complexes deposited into blood vessel walls

3. guttural pouch infections?

Question 17

Bastard strangles

Answer 17

-swollen lymph nodes filled with pus in other areas (not cranial) such as GI tract

Question 18

Guttural pouch mycosis

Answer 18

infections of guttural pouch by aspergillus species
>Clinical signs linked with structures affected. Can lead to roaring/laryngeal paralysis, internal carotid artery= epistaxis, vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves (Dysphagia), sympathetic ganglion (Horner’s syndrome)

Question 19

Diseases of cattle

Answer 19

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis caused by Bovine herpes virus 1

Question 20

Bovine herpes virus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis rhinotrachitus)

Answer 20

Rhinitis and tracheitis characterized by ulceration and fibrin deposition+ localized destruction of the trachea (dead tissue)

**can lead to death due to secondary bronchopneumonia

Question 21

Diseases of sheep and goats

Answer 21

-neoplasia
-nasal bots

Question 22

Transmissible nasal tumour

Answer 22

Tumour caused by Retrovirus
**viral so can cause outbreak of a herd

-present with sneezing or noisy breathing
-tumours cause disease because of their expansile nature= nasal deformities

Question 23

Oestrus ovis (nasal bots)

Answer 23

-Bot lays eggs and larvae migrate and cause nasal discharge

Question 24

Diseases of pigs

Answer 24

-atrophic rhinitis
-necrotic rhinitis
-inclusion body rhinitis

Question 25

Atrophic rhinitis

Answer 25

-destruction of nasal cavity (turbinates) of pigs due to Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica producing cytotoxins that induce osteoclast reabsorption of bone

-can result in nasal deformation (nose turning to one side), sneezing, coughing

Question 26

Necrotic rhinitis

Answer 26

**Bullnose

-sporadic disease caused by infection of wounds to the snout by Fusobacterium necrophorum

-can cause swelling and nasal deformities with nasal discharge

Question 27

Inclusion body rhinitis

Answer 27

Caused by Suid Herpes virus 2

-young pigs with sneezing and nasal discharge

-can lead to abortions and mummified fetuses

Question 28

Diseases of dogs in larynx and trachea

Answer 28

-oslerus oslerii
-tracheal collapse

Question 29

Oslerus oslerii

Answer 29

-Nematode parasite causing distinct nodules along trachea that form at the tracheal bifurcation

Question 30

Tracheal collapse

Answer 30

Often occurs in adult small breeds and sometimes brachycephalic
-honking cough, lack of tracheal rigidity, flattened tracheal rings, wide dorsal tracheal membrane

Question 31

Necrotic laryngitis

Answer 31

Ulcerations and necrosis of laryngeal mucosa in cattle caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum

-can be acute or chronic
-primarily in feedlot cattle but rarely can occur in calves or older cattle
-pathogenesis somewhat unknown but Fusobacterium might enter and cause infection due to ulcerations