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term 2 > Vascular (quiz 1) > Flashcards

Vascular (quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Christian Doppler

A
  • Austrian physicist

- invented radar doppler in 1842

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2
Q

Doppler Effect

A

-the frequency of light and sound waves were affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector

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3
Q

Uses of Doppler

A
  • air defense
  • air traffic control
  • sound satellites
  • police speed gun
  • radiology
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4
Q

Why is doppler important?

A
  • detection and grading of atherosclerotic plaques
  • disgnosis of deep venous thrombosis
  • non invasive
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5
Q

Circulatory System

A
  • system of connecting arteries and veins

- allows heart to move blood fro, systemic to pulmonary circulation and back

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6
Q

Where are the heart and great vessels located?

A
  • thoracic cavity
  • between lungs
  • posterior to sternum
  • middle mediastinum
  • 3rd and 4th intercostal sac
  • within pericardial sac
  • 10 to 20 ml of serous fluid (lubricates heart as it beats)
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7
Q

Heart

A
  • muscular, 4 chambered heart
  • lower border has a blunt point (apex or tip of the Lt ventricle)
  • superior border (atria chambers)
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8
Q

Atria

A

-collecting chambers

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9
Q

Ventricles

A

-pumping chambers

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10
Q

Where are the papillary muscles located?

A

-in the ventricles of the heart

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11
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves also known as?

A
  • mitral valve

- tricuspid valve

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12
Q

What do the papillary muscles connect?

A

-the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via the chord tendinae

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13
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A
  • cord like tendons

- connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart

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14
Q

Myocardium

A
  • thick muscular tissue of the heart
  • thickest in the Lt ventricle
  • involuntary striated muscle
  • mid layer of heart wall
  • contracts to push out blood
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15
Q

Endocardium

A
  • inner layer

- specialized endothelium

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16
Q

Pericardium

A

-connective tissue around heart

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17
Q

3 Categories of Blood Vessels

A
  • conducting
  • distributing and collecting
  • functioning
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18
Q

What happens to the composition of arteries and veins as they travel distally?

A

-more muscular, less elastic

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19
Q

Which veins have veins that prevent back flow of blood?

A

-collecting veins

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20
Q

Why can the muscular walls of the distributing arteries are able to vary in caliber?

A

-to control the blood supply to the area/organ they supply

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21
Q

Functioning Vessels

A

-capillaries

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22
Q

What happens to blood at capillaries?

A
  • gives up it’s nutrients and oxygen to the tissues

- receives waste products and carbon dioxide from tissues

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23
Q

What affects blood flow?

A
  • cardiac function
  • elasticity of walls
  • tone of smooth muscle
  • millions of branching vessels
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24
Q

How does cardiovascular disease affect the body?

A
  • keeps the blood from circulating nutrients and disposing waste
  • narrowing and hardening of arteries
  • affects function of heart
  • oxygenation process is affected (capillaries may not get sufficient blood)
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25
Q

Heart Failure

A
  • most common

- heart no longer functions properly

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26
Q

Heart Attack

A
  • clot in coronary artery blocks flow

- damaging or destroying heart muscle

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27
Q

Stroke

A
  • caused by the brain not getting enough blood

- brain tissue dies

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28
Q

Aneurysm

A
  • bulge in artery wall
  • anywhere in the body
  • internal bleeding or clot dislodges and blocks an artery (if it ruptures)
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29
Q

Peripheral Artery Disease

A

-extremity muscles are not getting enough oxygen

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30
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A
  • sudden loss of function in the heart, breathing and consciousness
  • blood stops flowing
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31
Q

Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease

A
  • chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • fainting
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32
Q

Heart Arrhythmia

A

-abnormal heart beat

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33
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

-heart muscle disease

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34
Q

What could be cardiovascular disease?

A
  • stenosis
  • regurgitation
  • infection
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35
Q

What does infection affect?

A

-valves and muscle (endocarditis and myocarditis)

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36
Q

Artherosclerosis

A
  • hardening of arteries
  • buildup of plaque (fatty and mineral deposits)
  • less blood flow to the heart muscle (chest pain and heart attack)
  • CAD
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37
Q

Cardiovascular Disease (CAD)

A

-atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to heart muscle

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38
Q

Hypertension or HBP

A
  • higher than normal force of your blood on the walls of the arteries
  • untreated is risk of heart attack or stroke
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39
Q

Pathology

A

-described the abnormal or undesired condition

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40
Q

Pathophysiology

A
  • explains the physiological processes or mechanisms where a condition develops
  • functional changes associated with/resulting from disease or injury
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41
Q

Conditions that Contribute to Vascular Disease

A
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • chronic kidney disease
  • hypertension
  • hypercholesterolemia
  • family history
  • smoking
  • excessive alcohol
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • age
  • gender
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42
Q

What is the first part of the aorta?

A

-ascending

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43
Q

What are the first important branches of the ascending aorta?

A

-Rt and Lt coronary arteries

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44
Q

Where do the Rt and Lt coronary arteries originate from and what do they supply?

A

origin: proximal ascending aorta
supply: heart muscles with nutrients and oxygen

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45
Q

What is the first major branch of the aortic arch?

A

-brachiocephalic (innominate) artery

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46
Q

What comes off of the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery?

A
  • Rt subclavian artery

- Rt CCA

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47
Q

Where do the Lt CCA and the Lt subclavian arteries arise from?

A

-transverse portion of the arch

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48
Q

What does the Rt SCA branch from?

A
  • brachiocephalic artery

- courses laterally to Rt arm

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49
Q

Where does the Lt SCA branch from?

A
  • aortic arch

- courses laterally to Lt arm

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50
Q

Which arteries to the SCA’s give rise to?

A
  • vertebral arteries
  • internal mammary artery
  • thyrocervical trunk
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51
Q

After the 1st rib, what does that SCA continue into?

A

-axillary artery

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52
Q

Where does the axillary artery course?

A

-inner arm (through armpit/axilla)

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53
Q

hat does the axillary artery become as it exits the axilla and extend to the elbow?

A

-brachial artery

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54
Q

What is the major branch of the brachial artery?

A

-deep brachial artery

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55
Q

What 3 branches does the deep brachial artery branch into below the elbow?

A
  • ulnar artery
  • radial artery
  • interosseous artery
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56
Q

What % of the pop. does early division of the brachial artery happen in?

A

19%

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57
Q

Where does the brain receive it’s blood from?

A
  • x2 carotid arteries

- x2 vertebral arteries

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58
Q

Where do the carotid and vertebral arteries enter the brain?

A

-base of the skull

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59
Q

How do the vertebral and carotid arteries communicate?

A

-circle of willis

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60
Q

3 Major Branches of the Aortic Arch

A
  • brachiocephalic
  • Lt CCA
  • Lt SCA
61
Q

The Bulb of CCA

A
  • zone of dilation

- junction on ICA and ECA

62
Q

Flow Divider

A

-location of the carotid body and nerve complex of the carotid sinus

63
Q

ECA

A
  • smaller

- more medial

64
Q

What does the ECA supply?

A
  • neck
  • face
  • scalp
  • walls of oral and nasal cavities
  • bones of the skull
  • dura mater
65
Q

Why does the ECA have a high resistance flow pattern?

A

-it supplies a distal vascular bed

66
Q

How many major branches arise from the ECA?

A

8

67
Q

What are the 8 major branches of the ECA from inferior to superior?

A
  • superior thyroid
  • ascending pharyngeal
  • inguinal
  • facial (in carotid triangle)
  • occipital
  • posterior auricular
  • internal maxillary
  • superficial temporal arteries
68
Q

What happens when the ICA is stenosed or occluded?

A

-the branches of the ECA will act as a collateral pathway fr blood flow to the brain

69
Q

What are the most important ECA collaterals?

A

-those that communicate with the ophthalmic artery or vertebral artery

  • occipital
  • facial
  • superficial temporal
  • internal maxillary arteries
70
Q

Which part of the ICA do we scan?

A

-cervical segment (extracranial)

71
Q

How does the ICA course?

A
  • usually straight (sometimes tortuous)

- directly laterally/dorsally upward in the neck

72
Q

What is the resistance of the ICA?

A

-low resistance flow pattern (supplies the brain)

73
Q

Normal Variants of ICA

A
  • coils and kinks
  • coils can lead to kinks overtime, due to aging and HBP
  • kinks can lead to stenosis
74
Q

What does the ICA supply?

A

-most of the anterior circulation of the brain

75
Q

What is the larger and more lateral of the CCA branches?

A

-ICA

76
Q

4 Portions of the ICA

A

1) cervical portion
- extracranial
2) pertrous portion
- passes through temporal bone
3) cavernous portion (siphon)
- tortuous
- opthalmic artery branches
4) supraclinoid portion
- branching of the intracranial ICA occurs to form the circle of willis

77
Q

When does the cervical portion of the ICA end?

A

-when it enters the carotid canal, through the petrous bone (petrous segment)

78
Q

What is the 1st intracranial branch of the ICA?

A

-ophthalmic artery (arises from the cavernous segment of vessel)

79
Q

Where does the ICA terminate?

A

-anterior cerebral artery (arises from supraclinoid portion and supplies frontal lobes of the brain)

80
Q

What do the vertebral arteries supply?

A

-posterior circulation to the brain

81
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

A

-subclavian arteries bilaterally

82
Q

In what % of the population may the Lt vertebral artery arise directly from the arch?

A

8%

83
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the foramina transversaria?

A

C6 (then travel through transverse processes of C2 to C6 to the base of the skull)

84
Q

What type branches do the vertebral arteries give off?

A
  • muscular

- spinal

85
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries leave the cervical spine?

A

-at the atlanto occipital interspace (then loop anteriorly to enter the foramen magnum)

86
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries go after entering the base of the skull?

A

-unite at the pontomedullary junction to form the basilar artery in the midline

87
Q

What forms the vertebral veins?

A

-numerous sm tributaries from the internal vertebral venous plexuses to drain the brain tissue

88
Q

Where do the tributaries of the vertebral veins unite?

A

-upper part of the back of the neck (along with small veins from deep muscles)

89
Q

What do the vertebral veins form?

A
  • a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process
  • travels along the side of the vertebral artery
90
Q

Where does the vertebral vein empty?

A

-innominate vein (where valves are located)

91
Q

How many arteries does the brain receive blood from?

A

-4 (2 ICA’s and 2 vertebral arteries)

92
Q

What joins together at the basilar artery (base of brain) to form the circle of willis?

A
  • paired ICA’s

- paired vertebral arteries

93
Q

Which arteries supply the cerebral lobes with many smaller branches (on the periphery)?

A
  • paired ICA’s

- paired vertebral arteries

94
Q

What does the ICA branch to form?

A

-anterior cerebral supply (anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and posterior communicating arteries)

95
Q

What joins to form the basilar artery?

A

-vertebral arteries

96
Q

What does the basilar artery give rise to?

A

-posterior cerebral branches

97
Q

Only ___% of the pop. present normal configuration of the circle of willis.

A

50%

98
Q

What % of cardiac output supplies the brain?

A

15%

99
Q

Why is there little circulatory reserve in the brain?

A

-the brain has a high metabolic rate

100
Q

Does the brain have significant oxygen or glucose stores?

A

No.

101
Q

Which system is the brain entirely dependant on for maintenance?

A

-vascular

102
Q

What can short episodes of cerebral flow bring on?

A

-symptoms of cerebral dysfunction

103
Q

How soon can cellular death occur in the brain?

A

-within 3 to 8 mins

104
Q

What does the ICA supply in the circle of willis?

A
  • anterior circulation via the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
  • gives rise to the posterior comm. arteries
105
Q

What does the MCA supply? (circle of willis)

A
  • frontal and parietal cortex

- artery of stroke

106
Q

What does the ACA supply? (circle of willis)

A
  • frontal lobes

- medial aspects of parietal and occipital lobes

107
Q

What does the PCA supply? (circle of willis)

A

-occipital lobe

0inferior temporal lobes (including hippocampus)

108
Q

What do the vertebral arteries supply? (circle of willis)

A

-medulla

109
Q

What does the basilar artery supply? (circle of willis)

A
  • pons

- cerebellum

110
Q

Which part of the circle of willis supplies posterior circulation?

A
  • vertebral arteries via the basilar artery

- gives rise to the posterior cerebral arteries

111
Q

Brachium

A

-arm (shoulder to elbow)

112
Q

Antebrachium

A

-forearm

113
Q

What is the first branch of the SCA?

A

-vertebral artery

114
Q

What do branches of the subclavian artery supply?

A
  • brain
  • neck
  • thoracic wall
  • shoulder
115
Q

Where does the axillary artier become the brachial artery?

A

-after crossing the inferolateral margin of the trees major muscle

116
Q

Where do the branches of the axillary artery go?

A
  • thorax
  • axilla
  • upper arm
117
Q

Where does the brachial artery extend from?

A

-the axilla to 1cm below the elbow

118
Q

What is the largest branch of the brachial artery?

A

-deep brachial artery (profound brachii)

119
Q

What does the brachial artery divide into in the forearm?

A

-radial and ulnar arteries

120
Q

Where is BP measured?

A

-antecubital fossa

121
Q

Which is larger, the radial or ulnar artery?

A

-ulnar

122
Q

Where does the ulnar artery extend?

A

-distally along medial aspect of forearm

123
Q

What does the ulnar artery form at the wrist?

A

-superficial palmar arch

124
Q

Major Branches of the Ulnar Artery

A
  • ulnar recurrent
  • interosseous
  • palmar
  • dorsal carpal
  • deep palmar arch
  • superficial palmar arch
125
Q

Which artery is pulse measured at in the wrist?

A

-radial

126
Q

Where is the radial artery?

A

-extends distally along lateral aspect of forearm

127
Q

Where does the radial artery wind to the dorsal aspect?

A

-at the wrist

128
Q

What forms the deep palmar arch?

A

-ulnar a. and radial a.

129
Q

Branches of the Radial Artery

A
  • radial recurrent
  • muscular
  • palmar carpal
  • superficial palmar
130
Q

What do deep veins run along?

A

-the path of their counterpart artery

131
Q

Deep Arm Veins

A
  • palmar arch
  • radial
  • ulnar
  • interosseous
  • brachial
  • axillary
  • subclavian
  • brachiocephalic
132
Q

Superficial Arm Veins

A
  • cephalic (lateral)

- basilic (medial)

133
Q

Neck Veins

A
  • internal jugular

- external jugular

134
Q

Forearm Veins

A
  • radial
  • ulnar
  • interosseous

**follow the path of arteries

135
Q

Which vessels unite at the elbow to form the brachial veins?

A
  • radial
  • ulnar
  • interosseous
136
Q

Where do brachial veins course?

A

-along each side of the brachial artery (paired)

137
Q

Where does the axillary vein begin?

A

-junction of brachial and basilic veins

138
Q

Where does the axillary vein lie in relation the the axillary artery?

A

-medial

139
Q

At what level does the axillary vein become the subclavian vein?

A

-1st rib

140
Q

Where are the internal jugular and subclavian veins?

A

-each side of the base of the neck

141
Q

What forms the brachiocephalic veins?

A

-junction on the internal jugular and subclavian veins

142
Q

What forms the SVC?

A

-junction of 2 brachiocephalic veins (behind Rt side of sternum)

143
Q

Which part of the heart does the SVC drain into?

A

-Rt atrium

144
Q

What does the EJV drain?

A
  • exterior of the cranium

- deep parts of the face

145
Q

Cephalic Vein

A
  • from antecubital fossa to axillary vein (below clavicle)

- superficial and lateral to biceps muscle

146
Q

Basilic Vein

A

-on medial aspect of biceps muscle

147
Q

What to the brachial vein and basilic vein form?

A

-axillary vein

148
Q

What do the brachial and basilic veins communicate with at the antecubital fossa?

A

-median cubital vein

149
Q

Where do the digital veins communicate at the wrist with the forearm veins?

A

-palmar arches

term 2 (19 decks)

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