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Term 2 > Vascular (quiz 1) > Flashcards

Vascular (quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Christian Doppler

A
  • Austrian physicist

- invented radar doppler in 1842

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2
Q

Doppler Effect

A

-the frequency of light and sound waves were affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector

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3
Q

Uses of Doppler

A
  • air defense
  • air traffic control
  • sound satellites
  • police speed gun
  • radiology
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4
Q

Why is doppler important?

A
  • detection and grading of atherosclerotic plaques
  • disgnosis of deep venous thrombosis
  • non invasive
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5
Q

Circulatory System

A
  • system of connecting arteries and veins

- allows heart to move blood fro, systemic to pulmonary circulation and back

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6
Q

Where are the heart and great vessels located?

A
  • thoracic cavity
  • between lungs
  • posterior to sternum
  • middle mediastinum
  • 3rd and 4th intercostal sac
  • within pericardial sac
  • 10 to 20 ml of serous fluid (lubricates heart as it beats)
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7
Q

Heart

A
  • muscular, 4 chambered heart
  • lower border has a blunt point (apex or tip of the Lt ventricle)
  • superior border (atria chambers)
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8
Q

Atria

A

-collecting chambers

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9
Q

Ventricles

A

-pumping chambers

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10
Q

Where are the papillary muscles located?

A

-in the ventricles of the heart

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11
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves also known as?

A
  • mitral valve

- tricuspid valve

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12
Q

What do the papillary muscles connect?

A

-the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via the chord tendinae

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13
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A
  • cord like tendons

- connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart

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14
Q

Myocardium

A
  • thick muscular tissue of the heart
  • thickest in the Lt ventricle
  • involuntary striated muscle
  • mid layer of heart wall
  • contracts to push out blood
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15
Q

Endocardium

A
  • inner layer

- specialized endothelium

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16
Q

Pericardium

A

-connective tissue around heart

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17
Q

3 Categories of Blood Vessels

A
  • conducting
  • distributing and collecting
  • functioning
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18
Q

What happens to the composition of arteries and veins as they travel distally?

A

-more muscular, less elastic

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19
Q

Which veins have veins that prevent back flow of blood?

A

-collecting veins

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20
Q

Why can the muscular walls of the distributing arteries are able to vary in caliber?

A

-to control the blood supply to the area/organ they supply

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21
Q

Functioning Vessels

A

-capillaries

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22
Q

What happens to blood at capillaries?

A
  • gives up it’s nutrients and oxygen to the tissues

- receives waste products and carbon dioxide from tissues

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23
Q

What affects blood flow?

A
  • cardiac function
  • elasticity of walls
  • tone of smooth muscle
  • millions of branching vessels
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24
Q

How does cardiovascular disease affect the body?

A
  • keeps the blood from circulating nutrients and disposing waste
  • narrowing and hardening of arteries
  • affects function of heart
  • oxygenation process is affected (capillaries may not get sufficient blood)
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25
Heart Failure
- most common | - heart no longer functions properly
26
Heart Attack
- clot in coronary artery blocks flow | - damaging or destroying heart muscle
27
Stroke
- caused by the brain not getting enough blood | - brain tissue dies
28
Aneurysm
- bulge in artery wall - anywhere in the body - internal bleeding or clot dislodges and blocks an artery (if it ruptures)
29
Peripheral Artery Disease
-extremity muscles are not getting enough oxygen
30
Cardiac Arrest
- sudden loss of function in the heart, breathing and consciousness - blood stops flowing
31
Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease
- chest pain - shortness of breath - fainting
32
Heart Arrhythmia
-abnormal heart beat
33
Cardiomyopathy
-heart muscle disease
34
What could be cardiovascular disease?
- stenosis - regurgitation - infection
35
What does infection affect?
-valves and muscle (endocarditis and myocarditis)
36
Artherosclerosis
- hardening of arteries - buildup of plaque (fatty and mineral deposits) - less blood flow to the heart muscle (chest pain and heart attack) - CAD
37
Cardiovascular Disease (CAD)
-atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to heart muscle
38
Hypertension or HBP
- higher than normal force of your blood on the walls of the arteries - untreated is risk of heart attack or stroke
39
Pathology
-described the abnormal or undesired condition
40
Pathophysiology
- explains the physiological processes or mechanisms where a condition develops - functional changes associated with/resulting from disease or injury
41
Conditions that Contribute to Vascular Disease
- obesity - diabetes - chronic kidney disease - hypertension - hypercholesterolemia - family history - smoking - excessive alcohol - sedentary lifestyle - age - gender
42
What is the first part of the aorta?
-ascending
43
What are the first important branches of the ascending aorta?
-Rt and Lt coronary arteries
44
Where do the Rt and Lt coronary arteries originate from and what do they supply?
origin: proximal ascending aorta supply: heart muscles with nutrients and oxygen
45
What is the first major branch of the aortic arch?
-brachiocephalic (innominate) artery
46
What comes off of the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery?
- Rt subclavian artery | - Rt CCA
47
Where do the Lt CCA and the Lt subclavian arteries arise from?
-transverse portion of the arch
48
What does the Rt SCA branch from?
- brachiocephalic artery | - courses laterally to Rt arm
49
Where does the Lt SCA branch from?
- aortic arch | - courses laterally to Lt arm
50
Which arteries to the SCA's give rise to?
- vertebral arteries - internal mammary artery - thyrocervical trunk
51
After the 1st rib, what does that SCA continue into?
-axillary artery
52
Where does the axillary artery course?
-inner arm (through armpit/axilla)
53
hat does the axillary artery become as it exits the axilla and extend to the elbow?
-brachial artery
54
What is the major branch of the brachial artery?
-deep brachial artery
55
What 3 branches does the deep brachial artery branch into below the elbow?
- ulnar artery - radial artery - interosseous artery
56
What % of the pop. does early division of the brachial artery happen in?
19%
57
Where does the brain receive it's blood from?
- x2 carotid arteries | - x2 vertebral arteries
58
Where do the carotid and vertebral arteries enter the brain?
-base of the skull
59
How do the vertebral and carotid arteries communicate?
-circle of willis
60
3 Major Branches of the Aortic Arch
- brachiocephalic - Lt CCA - Lt SCA
61
The Bulb of CCA
- zone of dilation | - junction on ICA and ECA
62
Flow Divider
-location of the carotid body and nerve complex of the carotid sinus
63
ECA
- smaller | - more medial
64
What does the ECA supply?
- neck - face - scalp - walls of oral and nasal cavities - bones of the skull - dura mater
65
Why does the ECA have a high resistance flow pattern?
-it supplies a distal vascular bed
66
How many major branches arise from the ECA?
8
67
What are the 8 major branches of the ECA from inferior to superior?
- superior thyroid - ascending pharyngeal - inguinal - facial (in carotid triangle) - occipital - posterior auricular - internal maxillary - superficial temporal arteries
68
What happens when the ICA is stenosed or occluded?
-the branches of the ECA will act as a collateral pathway fr blood flow to the brain
69
What are the most important ECA collaterals?
-those that communicate with the ophthalmic artery or vertebral artery - occipital - facial - superficial temporal - internal maxillary arteries
70
Which part of the ICA do we scan?
-cervical segment (extracranial)
71
How does the ICA course?
- usually straight (sometimes tortuous) | - directly laterally/dorsally upward in the neck
72
What is the resistance of the ICA?
-low resistance flow pattern (supplies the brain)
73
Normal Variants of ICA
- coils and kinks - coils can lead to kinks overtime, due to aging and HBP - kinks can lead to stenosis
74
What does the ICA supply?
-most of the anterior circulation of the brain
75
What is the larger and more lateral of the CCA branches?
-ICA
76
4 Portions of the ICA
1) cervical portion - extracranial 2) pertrous portion - passes through temporal bone 3) cavernous portion (siphon) - tortuous - opthalmic artery branches 4) supraclinoid portion - branching of the intracranial ICA occurs to form the circle of willis
77
When does the cervical portion of the ICA end?
-when it enters the carotid canal, through the petrous bone (petrous segment)
78
What is the 1st intracranial branch of the ICA?
-ophthalmic artery (arises from the cavernous segment of vessel)
79
Where does the ICA terminate?
-anterior cerebral artery (arises from supraclinoid portion and supplies frontal lobes of the brain)
80
What do the vertebral arteries supply?
-posterior circulation to the brain
81
Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?
-subclavian arteries bilaterally
82
In what % of the population may the Lt vertebral artery arise directly from the arch?
8%
83
Where do the vertebral arteries enter the foramina transversaria?
C6 (then travel through transverse processes of C2 to C6 to the base of the skull)
84
What type branches do the vertebral arteries give off?
- muscular | - spinal
85
Where do the vertebral arteries leave the cervical spine?
-at the atlanto occipital interspace (then loop anteriorly to enter the foramen magnum)
86
Where do the vertebral arteries go after entering the base of the skull?
-unite at the pontomedullary junction to form the basilar artery in the midline
87
What forms the vertebral veins?
-numerous sm tributaries from the internal vertebral venous plexuses to drain the brain tissue
88
Where do the tributaries of the vertebral veins unite?
-upper part of the back of the neck (along with small veins from deep muscles)
89
What do the vertebral veins form?
- a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process - travels along the side of the vertebral artery
90
Where does the vertebral vein empty?
-innominate vein (where valves are located)
91
How many arteries does the brain receive blood from?
-4 (2 ICA's and 2 vertebral arteries)
92
What joins together at the basilar artery (base of brain) to form the circle of willis?
- paired ICA's | - paired vertebral arteries
93
Which arteries supply the cerebral lobes with many smaller branches (on the periphery)?
- paired ICA's | - paired vertebral arteries
94
What does the ICA branch to form?
-anterior cerebral supply (anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and posterior communicating arteries)
95
What joins to form the basilar artery?
-vertebral arteries
96
What does the basilar artery give rise to?
-posterior cerebral branches
97
Only ___% of the pop. present normal configuration of the circle of willis.
50%
98
What % of cardiac output supplies the brain?
15%
99
Why is there little circulatory reserve in the brain?
-the brain has a high metabolic rate
100
Does the brain have significant oxygen or glucose stores?
No.
101
Which system is the brain entirely dependant on for maintenance?
-vascular
102
What can short episodes of cerebral flow bring on?
-symptoms of cerebral dysfunction
103
How soon can cellular death occur in the brain?
-within 3 to 8 mins
104
What does the ICA supply in the circle of willis?
- anterior circulation via the anterior and middle cerebral arteries - gives rise to the posterior comm. arteries
105
What does the MCA supply? (circle of willis)
- frontal and parietal cortex | - artery of stroke
106
What does the ACA supply? (circle of willis)
- frontal lobes | - medial aspects of parietal and occipital lobes
107
What does the PCA supply? (circle of willis)
-occipital lobe | 0inferior temporal lobes (including hippocampus)
108
What do the vertebral arteries supply? (circle of willis)
-medulla
109
What does the basilar artery supply? (circle of willis)
- pons | - cerebellum
110
Which part of the circle of willis supplies posterior circulation?
- vertebral arteries via the basilar artery | - gives rise to the posterior cerebral arteries
111
Brachium
-arm (shoulder to elbow)
112
Antebrachium
-forearm
113
What is the first branch of the SCA?
-vertebral artery
114
What do branches of the subclavian artery supply?
- brain - neck - thoracic wall - shoulder
115
Where does the axillary artier become the brachial artery?
-after crossing the inferolateral margin of the trees major muscle
116
Where do the branches of the axillary artery go?
- thorax - axilla - upper arm
117
Where does the brachial artery extend from?
-the axilla to 1cm below the elbow
118
What is the largest branch of the brachial artery?
-deep brachial artery (profound brachii)
119
What does the brachial artery divide into in the forearm?
-radial and ulnar arteries
120
Where is BP measured?
-antecubital fossa
121
Which is larger, the radial or ulnar artery?
-ulnar
122
Where does the ulnar artery extend?
-distally along medial aspect of forearm
123
What does the ulnar artery form at the wrist?
-superficial palmar arch
124
Major Branches of the Ulnar Artery
- ulnar recurrent - interosseous - palmar - dorsal carpal - deep palmar arch - superficial palmar arch
125
Which artery is pulse measured at in the wrist?
-radial
126
Where is the radial artery?
-extends distally along lateral aspect of forearm
127
Where does the radial artery wind to the dorsal aspect?
-at the wrist
128
What forms the deep palmar arch?
-ulnar a. and radial a.
129
Branches of the Radial Artery
- radial recurrent - muscular - palmar carpal - superficial palmar
130
What do deep veins run along?
-the path of their counterpart artery
131
Deep Arm Veins
- palmar arch - radial - ulnar - interosseous - brachial - axillary - subclavian - brachiocephalic
132
Superficial Arm Veins
- cephalic (lateral) | - basilic (medial)
133
Neck Veins
- internal jugular | - external jugular
134
Forearm Veins
- radial - ulnar - interosseous **follow the path of arteries
135
Which vessels unite at the elbow to form the brachial veins?
- radial - ulnar - interosseous
136
Where do brachial veins course?
-along each side of the brachial artery (paired)
137
Where does the axillary vein begin?
-junction of brachial and basilic veins
138
Where does the axillary vein lie in relation the the axillary artery?
-medial
139
At what level does the axillary vein become the subclavian vein?
-1st rib
140
Where are the internal jugular and subclavian veins?
-each side of the base of the neck
141
What forms the brachiocephalic veins?
-junction on the internal jugular and subclavian veins
142
What forms the SVC?
-junction of 2 brachiocephalic veins (behind Rt side of sternum)
143
Which part of the heart does the SVC drain into?
-Rt atrium
144
What does the EJV drain?
- exterior of the cranium | - deep parts of the face
145
Cephalic Vein
- from antecubital fossa to axillary vein (below clavicle) | - superficial and lateral to biceps muscle
146
Basilic Vein
-on medial aspect of biceps muscle
147
What to the brachial vein and basilic vein form?
-axillary vein
148
What do the brachial and basilic veins communicate with at the antecubital fossa?
-median cubital vein
149
Where do the digital veins communicate at the wrist with the forearm veins?
-palmar arches

Term 2 (19 decks)

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