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Term 2 > Hi Res (Breast) > Flashcards

Hi Res (Breast) Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles do the breast muscles lie over?

A

-pectoral

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2
Q

What are the breasts attached by?

A

-fascia (CT)

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3
Q

What are the breasts made of?

A
  • milk producing mammary glands

- adipose tissue (fat)

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4
Q

Which ligament supports the breasts?

A

-suspensory ligament of cooper

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5
Q

What are the breast lobes separated by?

A

-septa (walls) of CT

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6
Q

What are the CT lobules embedded?

A

-in the pouches of milk secreting cells (alveoli)

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7
Q

How are the alveoli arranged?

A

-grapelike clusters around the tiny ductule

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8
Q

Where is the myoepithelial cell and what does it do?

A
  • outside of the alveolus

- squeezes milk into the secretory duct

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9
Q

Lactiferous

A

-milk carrying

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10
Q

Where do the main lactiferous ducts converge toward?

A

-the nipple (enlarge into sm lactiferous sinuses before the nipple)

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11
Q

What forms the 15 to 20 lactiferous ducts of each lobe?

A

-ductules

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12
Q

What is the main function of the breasts?

A

-lactation

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13
Q

Lactiferous Sinuses

A
  • positioned to be squeezed by the sucking motion of a baby

- pumping chambers that move milk out of breast

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14
Q

Border of Nipples

A

-areola

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15
Q

What does the areola contain?

A
  • numerous sebaceous glands (Montgomery’s tubercles)

- sm nodules under the skin

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16
Q

Sebum

A
  • produced by these areolar glands

- helps reduce irritating dryness of areolar skin while nursing

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17
Q

What do the areola secrete to enhance the mother infant bond?

A

-pheromones

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18
Q

What controls breast development of breasts during puberty?

A

-estrogen and progesterone (ovarian hormones)

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19
Q

What does estrogen stimulate?

A

-growth of ducts of mammary glands

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20
Q

What does progesterone stimulate?

A

-development of secreting cells (alveoli)

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21
Q

What is breast size determined by?

A

-fat around glandular tissue more than the tissue itself

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22
Q

Is breast size related to the amount of milk produced?

A

No.

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23
Q

What cuts off a major source of estrogen after delivery?

A

-shedding of placenta

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24
Q

What stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin?

A

-rapid drop in blood concentration of estrogen after the placenta is shed

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25
Q

What stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin and the posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin?

A

-sucking movement of nursing baby

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26
Q

What stimulates lactation?

A
  • prolactin

- stimulates alveoli of mammary glands to secrete milk

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27
Q

When does milk secretion start?

A

-3 or 4 days after delivery

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28
Q

What is the thin, yellow milk secretion (3-4 days after delivery) called?

A

-colostrum

29
Q

What does oxytocin stimulate?

A

-myoepithelial cells int he alveoli to eject milk

30
Q

Arterial Supply

A
  • thoracic branches of the axillary arteries

- internal mammary and intercostal arteries

31
Q

Venous Drainage

A
  • anastomotic circle around the base of nipple
  • branches carry venous blood to the circumference
  • end in axillary and mammary veins
32
Q

Lymph Drainage

A
  • superficial axillary vessels and nodes
  • internal mammary
  • nodes if the superficial route is obstructed
33
Q

How do cancer cells from malignant breast tumors often spread to other areas of the body?

A

-through lymphatics

34
Q

Nerve Supply

A
  • branches from T4, 5 and 6 (sympathetic fibres)

- numerous somatic sensory nerve endings (especially around nipple)

35
Q

Involutional Breast Change

A
  • normal
  • occurs when women age (25 to 45)
  • number of lobules in breast decreases
  • CT is replaced with fibrotic collagen
  • results in breast sagging
36
Q

Polythelia

A
  • accessory nipple

- most common congenital breast anomaly

37
Q

Polymastia

A
  • accessory breast

- in axilla

38
Q

Amastia

A

-failure of breast tissue to develop

39
Q

Athelia

A

-absence of nipple

40
Q

Amazia

A

-absence of functional breast tissue beneath areola (nipple)

41
Q

Poland Syndrome

A

-underdevelopment/absence of breast, nipple and chest muscles

42
Q

Inverted Nipple

A
  • congenital anomaly

- if not congenital, it is due to cancer

43
Q

Micromastia

A
  • anomaly

- abnormal smallness of the breast

44
Q

Macromastia

A
  • anomaly

- excessive size of the breast

45
Q

Skin

A
  • highly reflective band along surface of the breast
  • 2 to 3mm thick
  • bright, linear
  • @ top of image
46
Q

Subcutaneous Fat

A
  • lies beneath the skin and breast parenchyma (mammary zone)
  • quantity of fat varies
  • homogenous
47
Q

Cooper’s Lig.

A
  • tent like
  • arise from breast parenchyma
  • echogenic
  • extend radial from deep fascial planes to the skin
48
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • beneath subcutaneous fat
  • mixed echogenicity

4 Patterns:

  • fibrous
  • premenstrual
  • postmenstrual
  • pregnant
49
Q

Retromammary Fat

A
  • posterior to parenchyma

- forms a layer between the deep fascia plane and pectoralis muscle

50
Q

Pectoralis Muscle

A
  • anterior to ribs
  • imaged in direction of fibres
  • appear parallel to skin, above the ribs
51
Q

Ribs

A
  • acoustic shadowing

- hypoechoic

52
Q

Pleura

A
  • linear echogenic line
  • deep to rib
  • moves with respiration
53
Q

Nipple

A

-dense CT or CT of duct may cause shadowing

54
Q

Tail of Spence

A
  • aka axillary tail

- portion that extends to axillary regions

55
Q

Lymph Node

A
  • solid nodule
  • oval
  • echogenic, fatty hilum
56
Q

Ducts

A
  • tubular, branching structures

- converge sub areolar

57
Q

What does breast density refer to?

A

-amount of fibroglandular tissue to fat tissue

58
Q

High Breast Density

A

-greater amount of breast and CT than fat

59
Q

Low Breast Density

A

-greater amount of fat compared to breast and CT

60
Q

SCF

A

-subcutaneous fat

61
Q

CL

A

-coopers lig.

62
Q

FGT

A

-fibroglandular tissue

63
Q

RMF

A

-retromammary fat

64
Q

PM

A

-pectoralis muscle

65
Q

Sono Appearance of Moral Lactating Breast Tissue

A
  • prominent fluid filled ducts

- echogenic epithelial lining

66
Q

Equipment and Technique

A
  • high frequency transducer (8 to 15 MHz)
  • wide footprint
  • low frequency for large breasts, inflammation or axilla
  • stand off pad for nipple, superficial/skin lesions
  • low PRF colour and spectral doppler for vascular regions
  • gain/TGC: 70% gain
  • mammary fat should be medium grey from overlying fascia to retromammary space
67
Q

Patient History

A
  • family history
  • age
  • previous mammograms
  • parity
  • masses
  • gravida
  • scars
  • aborta
  • skin changes
  • medications (hormones)
  • nipple discharge
  • breast surgeries
68
Q

Patient Position

A
  • supine
  • roll patient to spread breast evenly
  • raise ipsilateral arm over patient head
  • if patient can only identify lump while standing, then scan standing

Term 2 (19 decks)

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