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Term 2 > Hi Res (Breast) > Flashcards

Hi Res (Breast) Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles do the breast muscles lie over?

A

-pectoral

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2
Q

What are the breasts attached by?

A

-fascia (CT)

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3
Q

What are the breasts made of?

A
  • milk producing mammary glands

- adipose tissue (fat)

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4
Q

Which ligament supports the breasts?

A

-suspensory ligament of cooper

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5
Q

What are the breast lobes separated by?

A

-septa (walls) of CT

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6
Q

What are the CT lobules embedded?

A

-in the pouches of milk secreting cells (alveoli)

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7
Q

How are the alveoli arranged?

A

-grapelike clusters around the tiny ductule

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8
Q

Where is the myoepithelial cell and what does it do?

A
  • outside of the alveolus

- squeezes milk into the secretory duct

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9
Q

Lactiferous

A

-milk carrying

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10
Q

Where do the main lactiferous ducts converge toward?

A

-the nipple (enlarge into sm lactiferous sinuses before the nipple)

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11
Q

What forms the 15 to 20 lactiferous ducts of each lobe?

A

-ductules

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12
Q

What is the main function of the breasts?

A

-lactation

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13
Q

Lactiferous Sinuses

A
  • positioned to be squeezed by the sucking motion of a baby

- pumping chambers that move milk out of breast

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14
Q

Border of Nipples

A

-areola

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15
Q

What does the areola contain?

A
  • numerous sebaceous glands (Montgomery’s tubercles)

- sm nodules under the skin

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16
Q

Sebum

A
  • produced by these areolar glands

- helps reduce irritating dryness of areolar skin while nursing

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17
Q

What do the areola secrete to enhance the mother infant bond?

A

-pheromones

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18
Q

What controls breast development of breasts during puberty?

A

-estrogen and progesterone (ovarian hormones)

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19
Q

What does estrogen stimulate?

A

-growth of ducts of mammary glands

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20
Q

What does progesterone stimulate?

A

-development of secreting cells (alveoli)

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21
Q

What is breast size determined by?

A

-fat around glandular tissue more than the tissue itself

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22
Q

Is breast size related to the amount of milk produced?

A

No.

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23
Q

What cuts off a major source of estrogen after delivery?

A

-shedding of placenta

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24
Q

What stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin?

A

-rapid drop in blood concentration of estrogen after the placenta is shed

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25
What stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin and the posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin?
-sucking movement of nursing baby
26
What stimulates lactation?
- prolactin | - stimulates alveoli of mammary glands to secrete milk
27
When does milk secretion start?
-3 or 4 days after delivery
28
What is the thin, yellow milk secretion (3-4 days after delivery) called?
-colostrum
29
What does oxytocin stimulate?
-myoepithelial cells int he alveoli to eject milk
30
Arterial Supply
- thoracic branches of the axillary arteries | - internal mammary and intercostal arteries
31
Venous Drainage
- anastomotic circle around the base of nipple - branches carry venous blood to the circumference - end in axillary and mammary veins
32
Lymph Drainage
- superficial axillary vessels and nodes - internal mammary - nodes if the superficial route is obstructed
33
How do cancer cells from malignant breast tumors often spread to other areas of the body?
-through lymphatics
34
Nerve Supply
- branches from T4, 5 and 6 (sympathetic fibres) | - numerous somatic sensory nerve endings (especially around nipple)
35
Involutional Breast Change
- normal - occurs when women age (25 to 45) - number of lobules in breast decreases - CT is replaced with fibrotic collagen - results in breast sagging
36
Polythelia
- accessory nipple | - most common congenital breast anomaly
37
Polymastia
- accessory breast | - in axilla
38
Amastia
-failure of breast tissue to develop
39
Athelia
-absence of nipple
40
Amazia
-absence of functional breast tissue beneath areola (nipple)
41
Poland Syndrome
-underdevelopment/absence of breast, nipple and chest muscles
42
Inverted Nipple
- congenital anomaly | - if not congenital, it is due to cancer
43
Micromastia
- anomaly | - abnormal smallness of the breast
44
Macromastia
- anomaly | - excessive size of the breast
45
Skin
- highly reflective band along surface of the breast - 2 to 3mm thick - bright, linear - @ top of image
46
Subcutaneous Fat
- lies beneath the skin and breast parenchyma (mammary zone) - quantity of fat varies - homogenous
47
Cooper's Lig.
- tent like - arise from breast parenchyma - echogenic - extend radial from deep fascial planes to the skin
48
Parenchyma
- beneath subcutaneous fat - mixed echogenicity 4 Patterns: - fibrous - premenstrual - postmenstrual - pregnant
49
Retromammary Fat
- posterior to parenchyma | - forms a layer between the deep fascia plane and pectoralis muscle
50
Pectoralis Muscle
- anterior to ribs - imaged in direction of fibres - appear parallel to skin, above the ribs
51
Ribs
- acoustic shadowing | - hypoechoic
52
Pleura
- linear echogenic line - deep to rib - moves with respiration
53
Nipple
-dense CT or CT of duct may cause shadowing
54
Tail of Spence
- aka axillary tail | - portion that extends to axillary regions
55
Lymph Node
- solid nodule - oval - echogenic, fatty hilum
56
Ducts
- tubular, branching structures | - converge sub areolar
57
What does breast density refer to?
-amount of fibroglandular tissue to fat tissue
58
High Breast Density
-greater amount of breast and CT than fat
59
Low Breast Density
-greater amount of fat compared to breast and CT
60
SCF
-subcutaneous fat
61
CL
-coopers lig.
62
FGT
-fibroglandular tissue
63
RMF
-retromammary fat
64
PM
-pectoralis muscle
65
Sono Appearance of Moral Lactating Breast Tissue
- prominent fluid filled ducts | - echogenic epithelial lining
66
Equipment and Technique
- high frequency transducer (8 to 15 MHz) - wide footprint - low frequency for large breasts, inflammation or axilla - stand off pad for nipple, superficial/skin lesions - low PRF colour and spectral doppler for vascular regions - gain/TGC: 70% gain - mammary fat should be medium grey from overlying fascia to retromammary space
67
Patient History
- family history - age - previous mammograms - parity - masses - gravida - scars - aborta - skin changes - medications (hormones) - nipple discharge - breast surgeries
68
Patient Position
- supine - roll patient to spread breast evenly - raise ipsilateral arm over patient head - if patient can only identify lump while standing, then scan standing

Term 2 (19 decks)

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