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Term 2 > Abd (urinary tract) > Flashcards

Abd (urinary tract) Flashcards

1
Q

Vasculature Branching Order

A
  • main renal a. @ hilum
  • segmental
  • interlobar
  • arcuate
  • interlobular
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2
Q

Are the kidneys intra or retro?

A

-retroperitoneal

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3
Q

Kidney Size in Adults

A
  • 9 to 12 cm L
  • 4 to 5 cm W
  • 2.5 to 3 cm AP
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4
Q

What should cortical thickness be?

A
  • min. 1 cm

- < 1cm indicated renal disease

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5
Q

Functions of Kidneys

A
  • produce hormones
  • absorbs minerals
  • filters blood
  • produces urine
  • balances water (autoregulatory)
  • acid regulation
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6
Q

What hormone regulates BP?

A

-renin

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7
Q

What hormone regulates blood cells and stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBC’s?

A

-erythropoeitin

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8
Q

Normal Creatinine

A

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

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9
Q

What is Creatinine?

A
  • waste product produced from meat protein and normal wear and tear on muscles
  • more specific in determining renal dysfunction than BUN
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10
Q

When is creatinine elevated?

A
  • renal failure
  • chronic nephritis
  • urinary obstruction
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11
Q

Normal BUN Level

A

11-23 mg/dL

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12
Q

What is BUN produced from?

A

-breakdown of food proteins

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13
Q

When is BUN elevated?

A
  • urinary obstruction
  • renal dysfunction
  • dehydration
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14
Q

When is BUN decreased?

A
  • overhydration
  • pregnancy
  • liver failure
  • decrease in protein intake
  • smoking
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15
Q

Microscopic Hematuria

A
  • visible microscopic RBC’s in urine under a microscope

- associated with early renal disease

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16
Q

Macroscopic Hematuria

A
  • visible with naked eye

- associated with infection and bladder neoplasms

17
Q

Proteinuria

A

-abnormal amount o protein in urine

18
Q

What is proteinuria associated with?

A

nephritis

  • nephrolithiasis
  • carcinoma
  • polycystic disease
  • hypertension
  • diabetes mellitus
  • increase risk of renal dysfunction
19
Q

Indications for US

A
  • increased creatine, BUN, proteinuria
  • urinary tract infection
  • flank pain
  • hematuria
  • hypertension
  • decreased urine output
  • trauma
  • evaluate mass from other imaging (CT)
20
Q

3 Sets of Kidneys in Embryo

A
  • pronephros
  • mesonephros
  • metanephros
21
Q

Pronephroi Kidneys

A
  • early 4th week gestation
  • rudimentary
  • non functioning
22
Q

Mesonephroi Kidneys

A
  • late in 4th week

- function as interim kidneys

23
Q

Metanephroi Kidneys

A

-permanent kidneys

24
Q

Anomalies Related to Growth

A
  • hypoplasia
  • fetal lobulation
  • compensatory hypertrophy
25
Q

Anomalies Related to Ascent

A
  • ectopia
  • crossed renal ectopia
  • horseshoe
26
Q

Hypoplasia

A
  • too few nephrons in a small kidney**
  • rare
  • incidental finding
  • unilateral (no symptoms)
  • bilateral (renal insufficiency)
27
Q

Anomalies Related to Uretral Bud

A
  • agenesis
  • congenital megacalicies
  • congenital megaureter
  • supernumerary kidney
  • duplex collecting system and retrocedes
  • uretropelvic junction obstruction
28
Q

Uretropelvic Junction Obstruction

A
  • common anomaly
  • caused by kink
  • stones, infection, impaired function
  • may be bilateral
  • ballooning of pelvis
  • 2:1 male:female ratio
29
Q

Bladder Agenesis

A
  • rare
  • most infants are stillborn
  • surviving infants are female
  • many associated anomalies are present
  • bladder absent on fetal US
30
Q

3 Types of Bladder Duplication

A

1) complete/incomplete peritoneal fold separates 2 bladders
2) complete/incomplete septum divides bladder (may be multiple septa)
3) transverse band of muscle divides bladder into 2 unequal parts

31
Q

Bladder Extrophy

A
  • 1 in 30 000 live births
  • 2:1 male:female ratio
  • congenital absense of lower abdomen and anterior bladder wall
  • associates with other anomalies
  • increased incidence of bladder carcinoma
32
Q

Abberent Vessels

A
  • vascular anomaly
  • during embryology, kidney receives blood from high levels of AO
  • abberent renal arteries will be present if supply from lower levels persists
  • compress the ureter
33
Q

Retrocaval Ureter

A
  • rare vascular anomaly
  • 3:1 male:female ratio
  • if infrarenal IVC does not develop from the supra cardinal vein, the ureter will pass posterior to IVC

Term 2 (19 decks)

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