Vascular Disease Flashcards
Arteries are a high pressure system. Venous return follows arterial supply as _________. Gas exchange occurs in the __________.
a low pressure system
capillaries
Arterial Occlusion-
Can occur centrally: _________
Generally start peripherally: ___________
Aortoilliac
Femoral Popliteal, Infrapopliteal
Typical etiology is ___________
Atherosclerosis
Often the first sign of disease elsewhere (CAD)
Diabetes will show arterial occlusions in
distal lower extremities, esp. feet, diabetic foot wounds
Thromboembolic arterial occlusions will occur in
limbs
Epidemiology
White, Male, Age 50-60, Smokers
S/S (5 Ps of arterial occlusion)
- Pain (Claudication: Severe Cramping associated with exertion; Can be variable/ “intermittent”; Inability of blood flow to tissue demands)
- Pallor
- Pulselessness (Weak or Absent distal to the occlusion)
- Paresthesias
- Paralysis
Other S/S of arterial occlusion
- Muscle atrophy
- Erectile Dysfunction
- Loss of hair of distal extremities
- Skin Changes: Hyperemia, Cyanotic, Dusky Appearing, Cool to Touch
Use Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) to diagnose
The ratio of systolic blood pressure detected by doppler examination at the ankle compared to the brachial artery
ABI ranges
Normal 1.0-1.2
Reduced Blood Flow ABI
Critical limb ischemia will show
2 things
Elevated Myglobin
Metabolic Acidosis
Imagine for arterial occlusion
Angiography with CT or MR; mainly for Intervention to Identify affected vessels
Conservative treatment for arterial occlusion
Exercise, weight loss, smoking cessation, Cilostazol (PDEi), Antiplatelet agents (ASA, Clopidogrel)
Endovascular techniques for arterial occlusion
Angioplasty and Stenting
Surgical techniques for arterial occlusion
Endarterctomy, Bypass Grafting
Treatment for Critical Limb Ischemia
- Heparin
- Catheter Directed tPA
- Thrombectomy
*Complication may be compartment syndrome –> to treat do fasciotomy
Aneurysm
Pathologic dilation of a blood vessel
Aortic Aneurysms
Berry Aneurysms
Peripheral Aneurysms
-diseases associated with these
Congenital causes of aneurysms
Marfans Syndrome: defective elastin gene
Ehler-Danlos Syndrome: defective collagen gene
Factors that can cause aneurysms
Age HTN Smoking, pollution? Inflammation Atherosclerosis Syphilis Trauma
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) 5 facts
- Present when Aorta diameter >3cm
- Increase risk of rupture >5cm
- Found in 2% of men over age 55
- 90% originate below renal arteries
- 4:1 Male predominance
S/S of AAA
- 80% of 5cm infrarenal AAA are palpable
- Usually found incidentally on CT or U/S
- Pain: Mild-sever abdominal discomfort, Often radiate to the lower back, Intermittent or constant, Exacerbated with abdominal pressure
When AAA ruptures
- Sudden onset severe pain with blood in the retroperitoneum
- Palpable mass can be present
- Hypotension
Imaging for AAA
-
Abdominal ultrasound is #1
Screening test; recommended in Men 65-74yrs with smoking history (not Women) - CT abdomen
Useful to assess for size and location, Planning for intervention,
Monitor Progression
Conservative treatment/management for AAA
- Smoking Cessation
- Manage HTN
- Serial Imaging: Every 2 yrs