Vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries are a high pressure system. Venous return follows arterial supply as _________. Gas exchange occurs in the __________.

A

a low pressure system

capillaries

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2
Q

Arterial Occlusion-
Can occur centrally: _________
Generally start peripherally: ___________

A

Aortoilliac

Femoral Popliteal, Infrapopliteal

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3
Q

Typical etiology is ___________

A

Atherosclerosis

Often the first sign of disease elsewhere (CAD)

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4
Q

Diabetes will show arterial occlusions in

A

distal lower extremities, esp. feet, diabetic foot wounds

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5
Q

Thromboembolic arterial occlusions will occur in

A

limbs

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6
Q

Epidemiology

A

White, Male, Age 50-60, Smokers

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7
Q

S/S (5 Ps of arterial occlusion)

A
  1. Pain (Claudication: Severe Cramping associated with exertion; Can be variable/ “intermittent”; Inability of blood flow to tissue demands)
  2. Pallor
  3. Pulselessness (Weak or Absent distal to the occlusion)
  4. Paresthesias
  5. Paralysis
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8
Q

Other S/S of arterial occlusion

A
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Erectile Dysfunction
  • Loss of hair of distal extremities
  • Skin Changes: Hyperemia, Cyanotic, Dusky Appearing, Cool to Touch
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9
Q

Use Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) to diagnose

A

The ratio of systolic blood pressure detected by doppler examination at the ankle compared to the brachial artery

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10
Q

ABI ranges

A

Normal 1.0-1.2

Reduced Blood Flow ABI

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11
Q

Critical limb ischemia will show

2 things

A

Elevated Myglobin

Metabolic Acidosis

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12
Q

Imagine for arterial occlusion

A

Angiography with CT or MR; mainly for Intervention to Identify affected vessels

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13
Q

Conservative treatment for arterial occlusion

A

Exercise, weight loss, smoking cessation, Cilostazol (PDEi), Antiplatelet agents (ASA, Clopidogrel)

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14
Q

Endovascular techniques for arterial occlusion

A

Angioplasty and Stenting

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15
Q

Surgical techniques for arterial occlusion

A

Endarterctomy, Bypass Grafting

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16
Q

Treatment for Critical Limb Ischemia

A
  • Heparin
  • Catheter Directed tPA
  • Thrombectomy

*Complication may be compartment syndrome –> to treat do fasciotomy

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17
Q

Aneurysm

A

Pathologic dilation of a blood vessel

Aortic Aneurysms
Berry Aneurysms
Peripheral Aneurysms
-diseases associated with these

18
Q

Congenital causes of aneurysms

A

Marfans Syndrome: defective elastin gene

Ehler-Danlos Syndrome: defective collagen gene

19
Q

Factors that can cause aneurysms

A
Age
HTN
Smoking, pollution?
Inflammation
Atherosclerosis
Syphilis
Trauma
20
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) 5 facts

A
  1. Present when Aorta diameter >3cm
  2. Increase risk of rupture >5cm
  3. Found in 2% of men over age 55
  4. 90% originate below renal arteries
  5. 4:1 Male predominance
21
Q

S/S of AAA

A
  • 80% of 5cm infrarenal AAA are palpable
  • Usually found incidentally on CT or U/S
  • Pain: Mild-sever abdominal discomfort, Often radiate to the lower back, Intermittent or constant, Exacerbated with abdominal pressure
22
Q

When AAA ruptures

A
  1. Sudden onset severe pain with blood in the retroperitoneum
  2. Palpable mass can be present
  3. Hypotension
23
Q

Imaging for AAA

A
  1. Abdominal ultrasound is #1
    Screening test; recommended in Men 65-74yrs with smoking history (not Women)
  2. CT abdomen
    Useful to assess for size and location, Planning for intervention,
    Monitor Progression
24
Q

Conservative treatment/management for AAA

A
  • Smoking Cessation
  • Manage HTN
  • Serial Imaging: Every 2 yrs
25
Elective Surgical Repair if size of AAA is
>5.5cm diameter or >0.5cm increase in diameter in 6 months
26
Absolute Indication for Surgery Consult when
- Signs suggestive of Rupture or impending rupture - Acute onset severe abdominal pain with radiation to the back - Hypotension - Cullen Sign, Grey Turner’s Sign-retroperitoneal hemorrhage
27
Grey Turner Sign
bruising on flank/side of body
28
Cullen's Sign
bruising around umbilicus
29
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm S/S | (
- Severe persistent substernal chest pain - Radiation to the back/neck - Usually Hypertensive - Dyspnea, stridor, dysphagia, hoarseness - UE Edema
30
Imaging for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
1. *Chest CT* Modality of Choice 2. Chest Xray- Widened mediastinum 3. Echocardiography
31
Treatment for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
1. Monitoring (Stable Descending Aortic Aneurysm 6cm in diameter
32
Aortic Dissections (3 types)
DeBakey I, II, III (pictures)
33
Conditions associated with increased risk of aortic dissection
1. Pregnancy 2. Bicuspid aortic valve 3. Coarctation of the Aorta
34
S/S of Aortic Dissection
- Severe persistent substernal chest pain - Radiation to the back/neck - Usually Hypertensive - Dyspnea, stridor, dysphagia, hoarseness - UE Edema - Diastolic Murmur - Intestinal ischemia - Diminished /unequal peripheral pulses - Acute Heart Failure - Pericardial Tamponade
35
Imaging used for Aortic Dissection
CT Chest and abdomen
36
Medical treatment for Aortic Dissection
Aggressive HTN management Beta blockers, Nitroprusside Morphine for pain
37
Surgical Treatment for which Aortic Dissections?
* all Type A | * Type B affecting left subclavian artery
38
Venous insufficiency may be associated with
``` Obesity, Previous leg trauma, Previous DVT Varicose veins Neoplastic obstruction AV fistula (congenital or acquired) ```
39
Pathology of venous insufficiency
- Valve leaflets do not close - Increased Hydrostatic Pressure - Causes characteristic Skin changes
40
S/S of venous insufficiency
1. Progressive Pitting Edema 2. Secondary skin changes: Edema Fibrosis Hyperpigmentation-Hemosiderin deposition Thickening of the subcutaneous tissue Pruritis Ulceration Impaired wound healing Skin will have lack of hair, not warm, "dusty" purple/bruised appearance, not red.
41
treatment for venous insufficiency
1. Fitted Graduated Compression Stockings 2. Avoidance of long periods of time sitting/standing 3. Intermittent elevation