Pregnancy Flashcards
Ovulation –> fertilization occurs in the
ampulla of the fallopian tube
-occurs within 1 day of ovulation
Fertilization –> implantation occurs in the
wall of the uterus
-occurs within 6 days of ovulation
HCG is secreted by
syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta
HCG doubles every
29-53 hours (doubles every 48 hours)
When can HCG be detected in your blood and urine?
blood- w/in 1 week
urine- w/in 2 weeks
-HCG peaks at 8-10 weeks (around 60-90,000)
HCG maintains
the corpus luteum (for about 8-10 weeks), until it starts secreting progesterone
-Interacts with the LHCG receptor of the ovary and promotes the maintenance of the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy. This allows the corpus luteum to secrete the hormone progesterone during the first trimester. Progesterone enriches the uterus with a thick lining of blood vessels and capillaries so that it can sustain the growing fetus.
When is HCG elevated?
- multiples
- hydatidiform moles
- choriocarcinoma
- Down syndrome
When is HCG low?
- abnormal pregnancy
- Edward syndrome
- Patau syndrome
Pregnancy diagnosis s/s
- amenorrhea
- N/V
- breast tenderness
- urinary frequency/urgency
- fatigue
- vaginal cyanosis
- enlarged/globular uterus
- softened cervix
- HCG
- ultrasound positive
Can hear fetal heart tones via ultrasound by
5-6 weeks
Can hear fetal heart tones by doppler by
10-12 weeks
Fundus is above pubic symphysis by
12-15 weeks
Fundus is at umbilicus by
20 weeks
Naegele’s Rule
-How to calculate estimated delivery date based on LMP
LMP + 7 days - 3 months= due date
ex: LMP was 1/11
add 7 days…1/18, now subtract 3 months= 10/18 is due date
-most clinics use pregnancy wheel
Naegele’s Rule can only be used for
28 day cycles
Pregnancy lasts
40 weeks (280 days)
Ultrasound, during 1st trimester there will be _______ of variation when predicting due date
1 week (most accurate bc fetus is small and entire uterus will fit into ultrasound)
Ultrasound, during 2nd trimester there will be _______ of variation when predicting due date
2 weeks
Ultrasound, during 3rd trimester there will be _______ of variation when predicting due date
3 weeks of variation
may be 3 weeks off when trying to determine due date
During transvaginal ultrasound, gestational sac can be detected at
4.5-5 weeks
During transvaginal ultrasound, yolk sac can be seen at
5 weeks
yolk sac seen when sac diameter is 8 mm
During transvaginal ultrasound, cardiac activity can be detected at
5.5-6 weeks
when gestational sac diameter is 16 mm
During transvaginal ultrasound, measurable crown-rump length can be taken at
6 weeks
First trimester
0-12 weeks
Second trimester
12-28 weeks
Third trimester
28-42 weeks
Fetal “viability”
24 weeks (if baby delivers at this gestation, baby can probably be resuscitated and live, will probably have disabilities)
Due date is
40 weeks
Full term is
37 weeks (delivery without complications to the baby)
Late preterm
34-36 weeks
Early term
37-38 weeks
Late term
41 weeks
Post term
42 weeks or more
Initial lab test for prenatal assessment
- blood type
- rhesus type
- ab screening
- Hbg/hematocrit (sickle cell screening)
- rubella/varicella immunity
- urinalysis
- STI screen (gonorrhea/chlamydia, syphilis, hep B, HIV)
- cervical cytology
Optional labs for prenatal assessment
- fetal aneuploidy screening (CVS or amniocentesis)
- Non-invasive first trimester screening, quad screen, cell free fetal DNA
- screening for CF, SMA
- Fragile X
- Tay sachs, caravan disease, familial dysautonomia for ashkenazi jews
Test that becoming more popular
-Cell free fetal DNA (becoming more popular, 99% sensitivity, can get a few of baby’s cells out with moms placental blood, separate them and can test them)
Timeline of prenatal visits
- every 4 weeks until 28 weeks
- every 2 weeks until 36 weeks
- every week until delivery
What gets checked at every single prenatal visit?
weight, BP, fundal height, FHTS (fetal heart tones/sounds), urine protein and glucose
What gets checked at 6-12 weeks?
confirm delivery date, CVS (chorionic villus sampling)
What gets checked at 12 weeks?
First trimester screening (nucal translucency test)
What gets checked at 16-20 weeks?
- AFP or Quad screen
- Amniocentesis
What gets checked at 20 weeks?
- Fetal anatomy ultrasound (look at entire anatomy- can tell gender)
- Cervical length
What gets checked at 24-28 weeks?
gestational diabetes screen
What gets checked at 28 weeks?
- Rh0 D immune globulin (if Rh-)
- Tdap (all pregnancy people get this, gives baby immunity to pertussis)
What gets checked at 35-36 weeks?
GBS screening
What gets checked at 41 weeks?
Antepartum fetal testing
WIKI: This includes-Biophysical Profile (BPP) is a test that measures the health of the fetus during pregnancy. A BPP test may include a nonstress test with electronic fetal heart monitoring and a fetal ultrasound.
Diet for pregnant moms
- Folic acid: 0.4mg/day (protects against spinal/neuro defects)
- Caffeine: 200-300mg/day (1 cup)
Foods to avoid?
- Raw meat
- Raw fish
- Unpasteurized cheese
- Deli meat
- Fish with high mercury level
- Thoroughly wash fruits/veggies
*These may have Toxoplasmosis, Listeriosis, or Brucellosis
WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY (test)
BMI 30: 11-20 lbs
Alcohol during pregnancy can cause
fetal alcohol syndrome (growth restrictions, facial, skeletal and cardiac abnormalities, CNS problems)
Cig smoking during pregnancy can cause
placental abruption, placenta previa, PROM, preterm delivery (PTD), low birth weight
Drug use during pregnancy
- Cocaine: PROM, PTD, IGUR, neurobehavioral deficits, SIDS
- Amphetamines: same
- Opioids: IUGR, PTD, fetal death
What to avoid during pregnancy
-excessive radiation, excessive heat (hot tubs/saunas), radiation or chemical hazards, cat litter/feces
Heat= neural tube defects
Cat litter- toxoplasmosis
Rhesus alloimmunization
- if Rho (D) negative mom has Rh0 positive fetus
- retal RBC enter maternal circulation
- Rh0 abs are formed in moms blood (rh- has never seen the rh+ before and will make abs)
- these abs can cause hemolytic disease for the NEXT rh+ fetus
Rh0 immune globulin is
concentrate of Abs against Rh0 (D) antigen
- destroys fetal rh0 + cells that enter mother’s circulation
- mother does not form antibodies
- 300 mg
- lasts 12 weeks
WIKI: take out any fetal RhD-positive erythrocytes which have entered the maternal blood stream from fetal circulation, before the maternal immune system can react to them, thus preventing maternal sensitization
Travel and pregnancy
can travel up to 32 weeks, don’t go to endemic areas of yellow fever or malaria
Immunizations for pregnancy
NO LIVE VIRUS VACCINES (MMR, yellow fever, small pox, varicella)
SHOULD GET: Hep B, Influenza, TDAP
physiologic changes in pregnancy
- increase HR, 10-15 beats higher
- increased total blood volume and plasma vol
- NO increase in RBC, so everyone will have a physiological anemia of pregnancy
- hgb around 11 is totally normal, hgb around 10 need to treat)
- Increase in coagulation factors and decrease in protein C and resistance to protein S= -Harder to clot
- Increased tidal volume and inspiratory capacity, not much change in TOTAL lung capacity
Teratogen: ACE inhibitors
renal damage
Teratogen: aminoglycoside
CN VIII toxicity
Teratogen: DES
vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, mullein anomalies
Teratogen: Phenytoin
cleft palate, cardiac defects, phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia
Teratogen: Warfarin
bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, ophthalmologic abnormalities
Teratogen: Valproate
inhibition of folate absorption, causes NTD
Teratogen: vit A
cleft palate, cardiac anomalies
What qualifies for labor
contractions AND cervical changes
Stage 1: Latent phase
- cervix dilated 0-4 cm -18-24 hrs and 1.2cm/hr for nullpara
- 12-16 hours and 1.5 cm/hr for multipara
Stage 1: Active phase
-cervix dilated 4-10 cm
Stage 2
-complete dilation until delivery of baby (pushing)
NULLPARA: 3 hours w/ epidural, 2 hours without
MULTIPARA: 2 hours with epidural, 1 hour without
Stage 3
-delivery of baby until delivery of placenta
NULLPARA AND MULTIPARA BOTH:
30 mins
Management for Labor Dystocia (any abnormality with labor)
- Oxytocin augmentation (causes contractions, makes you dilate faster)
- Amniotomy (break water)
- Fetal rotation
- Operative delivery (forceps or vacuum)
Effacement of cervix
thinning
Dilation of cervix
widening
Station of baby
where fetal head is in pelvis (- is high up in pelvis, + is any amount coming out of pelvis)
Cardinal movements of baby during birth (8 steps)
KNOW!!
- Head floating, before engagement
- Engagement; descent, flexion
- Further descent, internal rotation
- Complete rotation, beginning extension
- complete extension
- Restitution; external rotation
- Delivery of anterior shoulder
- Delivery of posterior shoulder
OA vs OP position
OA- occiput anterior (baby’s head is down, how baby SHOULD be delivered)
OP- occiput posterior
Labor monitoring- Tocometer
measures contractions
-intrauterine pressure catheter gives direct measure of contraction force
Labor monitoring- Doppler
measures fetal heart tones (FHTS)
-fetal scalp electrode (FSE): attaches to babys scalp for more accurate FHTS
Baseline fetal heart tone
110-180
Minimal heart tone
Moderate heart tone
2-25 bpm
Marked heart tone
> 25 bpm
Acceleration of fetal heart tone
15 beats above baseline x 15 seconds