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CSI- Winter > Complications of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Complications of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Complications during first trimester

A
  • Hyperemesis gravidarum
  • Spontaneous abortion
  • Recurrent Abortion
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease
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2
Q

Hyperemesis gravidarum

A

-Extreme end of nausea/vomiting of pregnancy
-Diagnosis of exclusion
-Weight loss of > 5%
(Ketonuria, Electrolyte abnormalities, Liver abnormalities, Thyroid)
-Unknown cause
(Psychogenic, hCG, Estrogen?)

*HCG is higher when pregnant with multiples (hyperemesis, think multiples possibly)

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3
Q

Treatments for Hyperemesis gravidarum

A
  • Pyridoxine (vit B6): WORKS WELL
  • Doxylamine (antihistamine): WORKS WELL
  • Ondansetron
  • Metoclopramide
  • Promethazine
  • Corticosteroids
  • IV fluids, parenteral nutrition, enteral tube feedings
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4
Q

Complications of Hyperemesis gravidarum for mom

A

Hyperemesis gravidarum

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5
Q

Spontaneous abortion may occur at _______

A
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6
Q

KNOW CHART WITH TYPES OF SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS FOR TEST AND BOARDS

A

slide 7

screen shot in exam folder

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7
Q

Treatment for spontaneous abortion

A
  • Hemodynamically stable: misoprostone +/- mifepristone
  • Hemodynamically unstable: D&C (Dilation and curettage)
  • If >12 weeks: D&E
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8
Q

Recurrent abortion is defined as

A

3+ spontaneous abortions

-Abnormalities can be found in

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9
Q

Things to check on a patient with recurrent abortions

A
  • Karyotype
  • Uterine assessment (look for septums, etc)
  • Anticardiolipin antibody, lupus anticoagulant
  • Thombophilia assessment: (Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin gene mutaation, Antithrombin III, homocystine, protein S and C)
  • Thyroid function
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10
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A
  • pregnancy outside the uterine cavity
  • 98% tubal
  • Risk factors to having this: infertility, PID, prior tubal surgery
  • 10% risk of recurrence
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11
Q

S/S of Ectopic pregnancy

A

-lower abdominal pain and bleeding
-Need to check hCG and CBC
-Need ultrasound
-May do Culdocentesis
or Laparoscopy

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12
Q

Treatment for Ectopic Pregnancy

A
  1. Medical: Methotrexate

(ONLY IF emodynamically stable,

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13
Q

Gestational Trophoblastic disease consists of

A
  • Hydatidiform mole (partial or complete)
  • Invasive mole
  • Choriocarcinoma (cancer)
  • Placental site trophoblastic tumor (cancer)
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14
Q

Partial Hydatidiform mole facts

A
  • Karyotype: 69XXY or 69 XYY or 69 XXX (less commonly)
  • hCG elevated
  • 2 sperm fertilize 1 egg
  • Fetal tissue PRESENT
  • Focal swelling of chorionic villi
  • Focal trophoblastic hyperplasia
  • Rarely see theca lutein cysts on ovaries
  • rarely malignant sequelae
  • rarely medical complications
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15
Q

Complete Hydatidiform mole facts

A
  • Karyotype: 46XX or 46 XY (all paternal, EMPTY OVUM)
  • hCG VERY ELEVATED!
  • ABSENT fetal tissue
  • Diffuse swelling of chorionic villi
  • Diffuse trophoblastic hyperplasia
  • May see theca lutein cysts in ovaries (15-25%)
  • May have malignant sequelae (6-23%)
  • May have medical complications (
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16
Q

S/S of hydatidiform mole

A
  • Bleeding
  • Large uterus (bc of swelling)
  • Hyperemesis
  • HTN
  • Extremely elevated hCG
  • Placental vesicles on ultrasound (“grape-like clusters”)
  • Can get hyperthyroidism due to high hCG
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17
Q

Ultrasound finding of complete mole

A

“Snow storm” pattern

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18
Q

Ultrasound finding of partial mole

A

can see fetal pattern but also snowstorm pattern

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19
Q

Treatment of hydatidiform mole

A
  • D&C

- CXR

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20
Q

ALWAYS order this if pt has hydatidiform mole

A

CXR- always get chest xray bc you CAN have metastasis to chest

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21
Q

Medical follow up for hydatidiform mole

A
  • Birth control!!
  • Weekly hCG until 3 negatives
  • hCG every 1-3 months for 6 months (monitor for at least 6 months to make sure hCG stays neg)
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22
Q

Post molar gestational trophoblastic disease

A
  • malignancy
  • Ways to diagnose why hCG not going down properly:
  1. hCG plateau 4x over 3 weeks
  2. hCG increase >10%, 3x over 2 weeks
  3. Persistence of hCG after 6 months
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23
Q

Treatment for Post molar gestational trophoblastic disease

A

Methotrexate chemo

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24
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

-Persistent bleeding or hCG after delivery/D&C

  • Metastasis: vagina, lung, liver, brain
  • Metastasis looks like black dots
  • Chemotherapy: MTX (methotrexate) or actinomycin
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25
Q

Complications in 2nd and 3rd trimesters

A
  1. Pre-eclampsia or eclampsia
  2. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
  3. Gestational diabetes
  4. Preterm labor/Preterm rupture of membranes
  5. Oligo- or Poly-hydramnios
  6. Bleeding (Placental abruption, Placenta previa, Vasa previa)
  7. Cholestasis of Pregnancy
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26
Q

Pre-eclampsia

A

Elevated blood pressure + proteinuria

  • Treatment: delivery
  • Risk FActors: multiple gestations, CHTN, DM, kidney disease, collagen-vascular disorders, autoimmune disorders, GTN
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27
Q

Eclampsia

A

pre-eclampsia (HTN, proteinuria) PLUS seizures (5%)

obstetric emergency

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28
Q

Timeline to qualify as pre-eclampsia

A

Only after 20 weeks gestation to

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29
Q

Mild pre-eclampsia/eclampsia

A

140-160/ 90-110

Proteinuria: 0.3-5g/24 hrs

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30
Q

Severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia

A

> 160/ >110

Proteinuria: >5 g/24 hrs

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31
Q

HELLP (pre-eclampsia/eclampsia)

A

hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets

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32
Q

S/S and labs during pre-eclampsia/eclampsia

A

May see RUQ pain, HA, blurred vision or scotoma, hyperreflexia or clonus, low urine output (kidneys not working right), check platelets and LFTs (liver function), high hemoblibin is red flag, should actually have a physiological anemia= ask about these if concerned about pre-eclampsia

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33
Q

Fetal findings during pre-eclampsia/eclampsia

A

growth restriction, oligohydramnios, fetal distress

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34
Q

Treatment for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia

A

*Delivery

  • Allow fetal lung maturity
  • Mild: 37 weeks at the LATEST
  • Severe: 34 weeks at the LATEST
  • Corticosteroids, aggressive fetal monitoring, serial labs and evaluation
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35
Q

You can prevent eclampsia with

A

Magnesium sulfate

Reverse mag toxicity with calcium gluconate

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36
Q

Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy

A
  • Acute hepatic failure
  • Poor placental mitochonrial function
  • Flu-like symptoms (abd pain, jaundice, encephalopathy, DIC, death)
  • Elevated Alk Phos, PT, Bilirubin, mild elevation of AST/ALT
  • high mortality rate, rare disease
  • *Hypoglycemia- SEE SEVERE HYPOGLYCEMIA

-Treatment: immediate delivery, supportive care

37
Q

What to think of you see patient with severe hypoglycemia?

A

Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy

38
Q

Cholestasis of pregnancy

A
  • usually 3rd trimester
  • Incomplete clearance of bile acids
  • Generalized pruritis – especially palms of hands and soles of feet
  • Elevated bile acids
  • Treatment: ursodeoxycholic acid
  • Increased risk of stillbirth
  • Increased surveillance, early delivery
39
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A
  • Abnormal glucose tolerance
  • Human placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin)
  • Increase in # of pancreatic beta cells
  • Natural “insulin resistant” state
  • Glucose and amino acids are going to fetus
  • Increases between 24-30 weeks gestation
  • Usually increase glucose resistance in pregnancy (want baby to get glucose)
  • When pancreatic function not sufficient –> Gestational Diabetes
  • *50% of women with GDM will develop overt DM
40
Q

Pregnancy implications

of gestational diabetes

A
  • Excessive fetal growth
  • Shoulder dystocia
  • Cesarean section
  • Pre-eclampsia
  • Fetal hypoglycemia
41
Q

Testing for gestational diabetes

A

2 steps:

  1. Screening: 50g glucose tolerance test (1 hour)
  2. Diagnostic: 100g glucose tolerance test
    (3 hours)
  • Less than 140 is normal
  • More that 140 means you need diagnostic test
42
Q

Types of gestational diabetes

A

A1: controlled with diet (nutritional counseling)
A2: controlled with medication (Insulin, glyburide, metformin)

43
Q

Preterm Labor

A
44
Q

Testing for preterm labor

A

Tocometer
Fetal heart tones
Cervical exams
Fetal fibronectin

45
Q

Preterm Labor: Interventions to improve neonatal outcome

A

-Between 24-34 weeks: corticosteroids

-

46
Q

Cervical Insufficiency (preterm labor)

A
  • Cervical dilation without contractions
  • Short cervical length (baby is closer to coming out)
  • Treatment: Cervical cerclage (sew it), Vaginal progesterone
47
Q

Oligohydraminos

A

-Too little amniotic fluid (

48
Q

Fetal complications of Oligohydraminos

A
  • Potter sequence: pulmonary hypoplasia, limb deformities, flattened facies
  • NRFS (Nonreassuring fetal status is a medical term that is used when test results suggest that your baby may be having problems late in pregnancy)
49
Q

Causes of Oligohydraminos

A
  • Placental insufficiency
  • Bilateral renal agenesis
  • Posterior urethral valves
  • PPROM
50
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

Too much amniotic fluid (>1.5-2L)
By AFI: >24, DVP >8

-Baby can’t swallow amniotic fluid
Uterus is stretched more that usual, can lead to early labor
-Risks: maternal respiratory issues, malpresentation, PTD/PPROM, cord prolapse, abruption, uterine atony (bleeding)

51
Q

Causes of Polyhydramnios

A
  • Fetal malformations
  • Esophageal/duodenal atresia
  • Anencephaly
  • Maternal diabetes
  • Fetal anemia
  • Multiple gestation
52
Q

Treatment for Oligohydramnios

A

Amnioinfusion (Can infuse saline) and Hydration

53
Q

Treatment for Polyhydramnios

A
  • Indomethacin

- Amnioreduction (remove with needle)

54
Q

Placental causes of bleeding

A
  • Placental abruption
  • Placenta previa
  • Placenta accreta
  • Vasa previa
55
Q

Non-placental causes of bleeding

A
  • Labor/PTL/CI
  • Infection
  • Disorder of lower genital tract
  • Cervical trauma
  • Systemic disease
56
Q

Placental abruption

A
  • Premature separation of the placenta
  • RF: *HTN, *cocaine, multiparity, smoking, prior abruption, thrombophilias
  • Symptoms: PAINFUL bleeding, frequent contractions
  • Non-reassuring fetal status
  • Severe hemorrhage
57
Q

Placenta Previa

A
  • Placenta covers internal cervical os
  • Placenta accreta: Placental tissue invades through the endometrium
  • Placenta increta: invasion to myometrium
  • Placenta percreta: invasion through uterine serosa
  • RF: prior c-section**, multiparity, age, smoking
  • Symptoms: PAINLESS vaginal bleeding
  • Digital exam/internal exam can be very dangerous

-Delivery: c-section
(need appropriate planning, can result in massive hemorrhage, then pt needs hysterectomy)

58
Q

Uterine Rupture

A
  • Uncommon
  • Prior uterine scar (from C-section or myomectomy)
  • PAINFUL bleeding
  • Non-reassuring fetal heart tones
  • Management: immediate delivery
59
Q

Vasa Previa

A
  • Portion of membranes cover the internal cervical os with fetal blood vessels
  • Velamentous umbilical cord
  • Placental lobes with connection
60
Q

Stillbirth/ IUFD (intrauterine fetal demise)

A
  • Loss of pregnancy >20 weeks
  • Similar work up as recurrent abortion
  • Add syphilis testing, parvovirus B19 and maternal-fetal hemorrhage screen
  • Possible fetal autopsy
  • Delivery: Induction of labor, prior c-section not a contraindication

-Increased surveillance in subsequent pregnancies

61
Q

Peripartum conditions

A
  • Mastitis
  • Chorioamnionitis
  • Endometritis
62
Q

Mastitis

A

-Staph aureus

-

63
Q

Chorioamnionitis

A
  • Uterine infection diagnosed during pregnancy
  • Polymicrobial
  • RF: prolonged labor, c-section, internal monitors, mutliple exams, prolonged ROM, lower genital infection
  • Maternal sequelae: abnormal labor, hemorrhage
  • Fetal sequelae: sepsis, pneumonia, IVH, CP
64
Q

Endometritis

A

Uterine infection diagnosed after pregnancy

65
Q

S/S of uterine infections

A

-Fever
-One of the following:
1. Maternal tachycardia
2. Fetal tachycardia
3. Foul smelling lochia
4. Uterine tenderness
+/- amniocentesis

66
Q

Treatment of uterine infections

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics:
Ampicillin/Gentamycin
Ertapenem

67
Q

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

A

-Arterial/venous thrombosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes + lab evidence of antiphospholipid antibodies

-Treatment in pregnancy:
Heparin (LMWH) and low dose aspirin

68
Q

Diagnosis of APS (Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome)

A
  • Sydney crideria (Sapporo classification criteria)
  • Diagnosis = 1 clinical + 1 lab criteria

-Clinical:
1. 1+ episode of venous, arterial, small vessel thrombosis
2. Pregnancy morbidity:
(Unexplained fetal death >10 wks gestation, 1+ PTD

69
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • SAB, PTD, preeclampsia, placental abruption, impaired neuropyschological development
  • Treat with levothyroxine
  • Serial labs
70
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

-SAB, PTD, preeclampsia, maternal heart failure
-Thyroid storm: life threatening
-Propylthiouracil: hepatotoxicity, agranulocytosis (in first trimester)
-Methimazole: congenital aplasia cutis, choanal/esophageal atresia
(Second/third trimester)
-Beta blocker
-NO radioiodine ablation

71
Q

Pre-existing DM

A

-SAB and IUFD
-Fetal malformations:
Cardiac, skeletal and neural tube defects; caudal regression syndrome, Slow fetal growth,
Inverse relationship with glucose control

72
Q

Chronic hypertension

A
  • Differentiate from preeclampsia!
  • Superimposed preeclampsia: 20-50%
  • Antihypertensives when BP is over 150/100 or end organ damage
  • No ACE-I or ARB

Diuretics: don’t start in pregnancy, but may continue

73
Q

Asthma

A
  • Treat similarly in pregnancy
  • Pulmonary function tests
  • Beta 2 agonists
  • Inhaled corticosteroids
  • Systemic corticosteroids

**Minimize hypoxic episodes to fetus

74
Q

Seizure disorders

A
  • Discontinuation of meds if seizure free 2-5 years
  • Consider teratogenicity of medications
  • Discontinue valproic acid
  • Newer anti epileptic drugs (Lamotrigine, Topiramate, Oxcarbazepine, Levetiracetam)
  • Give mom folic acid
75
Q

UTI in pregnancy

A

-Treat asymptomatic UTIs!!
-risk for preterm delivery
-Very common in pregnancy
(Predisposition to urinary stasis, Pressure exerted by gravid uterus on ureters and bladder cause hypotonia and congestion)

-20-40% develop pyelonephritis

76
Q

Treatment for UTIs

A
  • Nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, cephalexin
  • NO sulfonamides in 3rd trimester (may cause neonatal hyperilirubinemia)
  • NO flouroquinolones (causes fetal carilage and bone defects)

**Always do test of cure

77
Q

GBS

A

-test all moms
-can cause neonatal sepsis:
(20-30% mortality in premature infants, mental retardation, neurologic disability)
-treat with ampicillin

78
Q

Who gets treated for GBS?

A
  • Anyone with + vaginal/rectal culture
  • Anyone with + urine culture
  • Prior infant with invasive GBS disease
  • Mom who has unknown culture with elevated temperature, ruptured membranes >18 hours, preterm (
79
Q

Congenital Varicella S/S

A
  • Skin lesions
  • Limb/digit abnormalities: hypoplasia
  • Microcephaly
  • Ocular defects: cataracts, microphthalmos
80
Q

Varicella during 2nd, 3rd trimesters

A
  • Protected by maternal IgG
  • Risk: maternal infection 5 days before – 2 days after delivery
  • Give VZIG within 96 hrs of exposure (up to 10 days)
  • Theres a maternal risk of pneumonia
81
Q

Tuberculosis

A

-Latent disease: treatment postpartum
-Active disease:
1. Isoniazid and ethambutol
2. Isoniazid and rifampun
V3. itamin B6

  • Good prognosis if appropriately treated
  • Postpartum treatment doesn’t effect breastfeeding
82
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

-High neonatal transmission rate (66%) in the past- NOW ONLY 2%

  • CD4 count, viral load
  • Continue current antiretroviral regimen
  • 3 drug therapy regardless of viral load and CD4 count (2nd trimester and after)
  • IV zidovudine before delivery when viral load >400
  • Cesarean delivery if viral load >1000
83
Q

Hep B

A
  • Vertical transmission blocked by hep B IG and hep B vaccine
  • Repeat vaccine at 1 month and 6 months
84
Q

Hep C

A

5-6% transmission rate

14% when also HIV+

85
Q

Genital Herpes- Primary infection late in pregnancy

A
  • High risk of transmission

- Acyclovir 400mg 3x/day

86
Q

Genital Herpes- Recurrent infection

A
  • Lower neonatal attack rate
  • Asymptomatic shedding is common
  • Cesarean if active lesion or prodromal symptoms
  • Acyclovir prophylaxis at 36 weeks
87
Q

Syphilis

KNOW

A
  • May cause: Abortion, IUFD (intrauterine fetal demise), transplacental infection, congenital syphilis
  • Early: Hepatomegaly, rhinitis, rash, nonimmune fetal hydrops, myocarditis, pneumonia, etc.
  • Late: frontal bossing, saddle nose, hutchinson teeth, mulberry molars, saber shins, etc.
88
Q

Gonorrhea

A
  • Large joint arthritis, ophthalmia neonatorum
  • Ulceration, scarring, visual impairment
  • eyes crusted shut
89
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • inclusion conjunctivitis, pneumonia

- eyes crusted shut

CSI- Winter (44 decks)

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