Developmental Psych/Child Flashcards
Causes of psych disorders
- Genetics: Family Hx of MH issues
- Environmental factors: stressors, family/social life, abuse, pregnancy (prenatal care, mother’s mental health)
- Medical Treatments/Medical Problems
- Unknown
Still Face Experiment
- Shows infants can engage in social interaction
- 1 year old baby and mom “talking”, pointing, engaging, working to coordinate their emotions
- Mother doesn’t respond, gives still face for 2 minutes, baby uses all skills to try and get her attention and get her to engage. Baby cries and becomes distressed when mom doesn’t respond
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Model outline
Sensorimotor (0-2)
Pre-operational (2-7)
Concrete Operational (7-11)
Formal Operational (11-15)
Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Model
- Rapid cognitive growth
- Most action is reflexive
- Perception of events are centered on the body
- Objects are an extension of self, extreme egocentrism
- Trial and error learning
- OBJECT PERMANENCE at 8-9 months
Object Permanece definition
- knowing that an object still exists even if it’s hidden
- it requires the ability to form a mental representation (schema) of the object
- Happens at 8-9 mo
Smiling and cooing begins at
2 months
Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety starts at
6-8 months
Transitional Objects
- Objects that help a young child make the emotional transition from dependence to independence from mom (blanket)
- 6-18 months
Rapprochement
- 15 to 24 months
- The child moves away from and the returns to the mother for reassurance
Separation Anxiety
-usually ends around 2 yrs
Object constancy
- 2-3 years
- It takes time, and experience of the reliability of the key people in their world, for them to develop a sense that when Mommy leaves the room, she’s still on the same planet, and will reappear again.
Pre-operational Stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Model
-Age 2-7
*increase in pretend play
*still egocentric
-symbolic play and manipulating symbols
-able to form stable concepts as well as magical beliefs
-still not able to perform operations, which are tasks that the child can do mentally, rather than physically
-
2 substages of Pre-operational Stage
- Symbolic function substage: able to understand, represent, remember, and picture objects i their mind without having the object in front of them
- Intuitive thought substage: tend to propose the questions of “why?” and “how come?” This strange is when children want the knowledge of knowing everything
Example of egocentrism
having or regarding the self or the individual as the center of all things
-example of child recalling objects in volcano scene from his own perspective
Magical thinking
- Age 2-7 yrs
- Child’s belief that what he or she wishes or expects can affect what really happens
Examples of Conservation
- picture in slide
- How many coins are there? (spread coins out) Now how many coins are there?
- Which ball has more clay? (roll one ball out) Now which shape has more clay?
Concrete operational Stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Model
- age 7-11 years old
- appropriate use of logic
- elimination of egocentrism
- thought process becomes more mature
- they start solving problems in a more logical fashion
- abstract, hypothetical thinking is not yet developed int he child
- conservation
- child understands that death is irreversible around age 7
Formal operational Stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Model
- Age 11 to 15
- Abstract thoughts
- Problem solving
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
- Trust vs Mistrust (Birth-2)
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1 1⁄2 - 3)
- Initiative vs Guilt (3-6)
- Industry vs Inferiority (7-11)
- Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18
- Intimacy vs Isolation (18-40)
- Generativity and Stagnation (40-65)
- Integrity vs. Despair (>65)
https://theoriesinpsychologyf10.wikispaces.com/Erikson%27s+Psychosocial+Stages+of+Development
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Trust vs Mistrust
- Birth to 2
- Infant forms trust that others will provide care for basic needs, or lack confidence in others
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- 1.5 to 3 yrs
- Infant becomes self-sufficient in many activities (walking, toileting, feeding, talking), or they may have doubts about their abilities
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Initiative versus Guilt
- Age 3 to 6
- More assertive and taking more initiative, but may be too forceful, leading to guilt feelings (disapproval from parents if they try to exert too much power)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Industry versus Inferiority
- Age 7 to 11
- Competency
- children have to cope with new social and academic demands; success leads to competence and failure leads to inferiority
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
Identity versus Role Confusion
- Ages 12-18
- Teens need to develop a sense of self and personality identity; Success leads you to be true to yourself whereas failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
Intimacy versus Isolation
- Ages 18-40
- Young adults seek companionship and love with another person or become isolated from others by fearing rejection and disappointment
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
Generativity and Stagnation
- Ages 40-65
- Middle-age adults contribute to the next generation by performing meaning work, creative activities, and/or raising family, or become stagnant and inactive
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
Integrity vs. Despair
- Over 65 years old
- older adults try to make sense of their lives, whether seeing life as a meaningful whole or despairing at goals never reached and questions never answered
Freudian Psychosexual Stages Personality and Iceberg Theory
Id: unconscious urges to obtain pleasure (bottom of iceberg)
Ego: mediates the demands of the id, the superego and reality (tip of iceberg)
Superego: how to behave based on learned morals and values.(middle part of iceberg, half in half out)
Freudian Psychosexual Stages
- Oral Stage (Birth – 1 1⁄2)
- Anal Stage (1 1⁄2 - 3)
- Phallic Stage (3-6)
- Latency (7-11)
- Genital Stage (12-18)
Freudian Psychosexual Stages: Oral Stage
- Birth to 1.5
- the mouth, tongue and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby’s body, and feeding is the most stimulating activity
Freudian Psychosexual Stages:
Anal Stage
- 1.5 to 3 years old
- The anus is the focus of the pleasurable sensations in the baby’s body and toilet training is the most important activity
- Comparable to Erikson’s autonomy vs shame and doubt
Freudian Psychosexual Stages:
Phallic Stage
- Age 3 to 6
- The phallus, or penis, is the most important body part and pleasure is derived from genital stimulation
- Oedipal conflict: Boys are proud of their penis, and girls wonder why they don’t have one
- Oedipal complex: a boy is fixated on his mother and competes with his father for maternal attention
- Electra Complex : the attraction of a girl to her father and rivalry with her mother, is sometimes called the Electra complex