Mood Disorders Flashcards
Mood Disorders
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Bipolar I Disorder
- Bipolar II Disorder
- Cyclothymic Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder gender difference
F>M
18- to 29-year-old individuals»_space;> age 60 years or older
Biopsychosocial model of depression
how biology (genetics, disability, physical health), social conditions (family, school, friends) and psychological factors (self-esteem, social skills, coping skills) all play into depression
Monoamine Hypothesis of depression
Depression is due to deficiency of monoamines like serotonin, dopamine, or NE
Diathesis-Stress/Dual-Risk Model
3 components are
- Diathesis- persons genetic or biological vulnerability to a mental illness
- Stress- physical or emotional
- Protective factors- help keep a person from developing a mental illness
Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder
-5 (or more) sx have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning:
at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
SIG E CAPS
-Sleep Disturbance
-Interests decreased
-Guilt or feelings of worthlessness
-Energy loss/fatigue
-Concentration problems
-Appetite/weight changes
-Psychomotor retardation/agitation
-Suicidal ideation
Depression can present in children as
irritability or aggressiveness
Weight gain and hypersomnia are
atypical presentations (This matters for when prescribing certain meds, may may s/s worse or better)
Subtypes of MDD
- With mood-congruent psychotic features; hard to tell from schizoaffective disorder; prominent depression symptoms; chronic depression/consistent; no delusions or hallucinations
- With mood-incongruent psychotic features
- With catatonia
- With peripartum onset- formerly known as post partum
- With seasonal pattern- old name for seasonal depression
MDD with peripartum onset: This specifier can be applied to the current or, if full criteria are not currently met for a major depressive episode, most recent episode of major depression if onset of mood symptoms occurs _______
during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery
MDD with seasonal pattern
- Worse with colder months, end of August-February depression starts
- Light therapy works well (light box)
- Onset and remission of major depressive episodes certain time of year
- Most episodes begin in fall or water and remit in spring
Scales for measuring depression
- Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
- Beck Depression Inventory
Diagnostic Criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated by either subjective account or observation by others, for at least 2 years.
- Note: In children and adolescents >1 year.
- 2 (or more) of the following:
1. Poor appetite or overeating
2. Insomnia or hypersomnia
3. Low energy or fatigue
4. Low self-esteem
5. Poor concentration
6. Feelings of hopelessness
Other disorder that you have to have for 2 years for clinical diagnosis?
Cyclothymia
AND persistent depressive disorder
For Persistent Depressive Disorder, during the 2-year period (1 year for children or adolescents) of the disturbance, the individual has never ____________
been without the 2 required symptoms for more than 2 months at a time.
- Criteria for a major depressive disorder may be continuously present for 2 years.
- There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode, and criteria have never been met for cyclothymic disorder
My notes:
- Chronic sadness that doesn’t resolve, can function and go to work, etc.
- Higher functioning than with MDD
Meds for MDD and PDD
- Psychotropic meds
- SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine, sertraline)
- SNRI: serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (venlafaxine, duloxetine)
- NDRI: norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor (bupropion)
My notes:
-If 2 SSRIs don’t work, next they will try SNRI
- Bupropion: Smoking sensation, attention deficit issues, depression (NOT anxiety) stay away from this if they have anxiety (Side effect=increased anxiety!!)
- Biggest SSRI complaint= decreased libido
Therapy for MDD and PDD
- CBT: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, good to start with
- Psychodynamic Therapy: can be stressful; don’t use unless pt is high functioning
- Interpersonal Therapy- talk about family/relationships
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- The most common primary symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is irritability.
- Increased dose about 2 weeks before period to help with irritability
Diagnostic criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder
*For most menstrual cycles during the past year, at least 5 of the following 11 symptoms (including at least 1 of the first 4 listed) were present:
- Markedly depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts
- Marked anxiety, tension, feelings of being “keyed up” or “on edge”
- Marked affective lability (eg, feeling suddenly sad or tearful or experiencing increased sensitivity to rejection)
- Persistent and marked anger or irritability or increased interpersonal conflicts
- Decreased interest in usual activities
- Subjective sense of difficulty in concentrating
- Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy
- Marked change in appetite, overeating, or specific food cravings
- Hypersomnia or insomnia
- A subjective sense of being overwhelmed or out of control
- Other physical symptoms, such as breast tenderness or swelling, headaches, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of bloating, or weight gain
*The symptoms must have been present for most of the time during the last week of the luteal phase, must have begun to remit within a few days of the onset of menstrual flow, and must be absent in the week after menses
Treatment for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Hormone therapy: Oral contraceptives, Estrogen, GnRH agonists
- Anti-depressant: can be just for the course of the symptoms
Causes of Bipolar Disorder
- Genetics
- Structural MRI: Increase in volume of the lateral ventricles, globus pallidus
- Functional MRI: abnormal modulation between ventral prefrontal and limbic regions – amygdala
- Kindling Hypothesis (Life factors make it worse; deaths in family, job loss, etc)
- Early life stress and dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, leads to over activation, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.
For a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, it is necessary to
meet the criteria for a manic episode
-The manic episode may have been preceded by and may be followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes
Definition of Manic Episode
persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week
Diagnostic Criteria for Bipolar Disorder I
-3 (or more) of the following symptoms (four if the mood is only irritable) are present
DIG FAST
- Distractibility
- Irresponsibility (buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments, seeks pleasure without consequences)
- Grandiosity (inflated self esteem)
- Flight of ideas (racing thoughts)
- Activity or Agitation increase (increased goal directed behavior)
- Sleep need decreases
- Talkativeness or pressured speech
