Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NS > Vascular > Flashcards

Vascular Flashcards

1
Q

Bow Hunter syndrome

A

Constellation of signs and symptoms of posterior circulation ischemia related to head movement/turning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathophysiology of Bow Hunter syndrome

A

Occlusion of one VA in the presence of a compromised contralateral one - because of chronic occlusion, hypoplasia, severe stenosis, or the VA ending in the PICA

Simultaneous dynamic compromise of both VAs during head turning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

V1 segment of VA

A

Originates from the superior or posterior aspect of the subclavian artery and extends until its entrance into the transverse foramen of a cervical vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

V2 segment of VA

A

Ascends through the transverse foramina of the upper 6 cervical vertebrae, deviating laterally to reach the transverse foramen of the atlas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

V3 segment of VA

A

Extends from the transverse foramen of the atlas to the site of passage through the dura mater and is closely related to the foramen magnum and the craniovertebral junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

V4 segment of VA

A

Intradural segment begins at the dural foramina and ascends anteromedially until it joins the contralateral VA at the pontomedullary sulcus to form the basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most common site of compression in Bow Hunter syndrome

A

Level of the AA joint where the VA can be stretched between the C1 and C2 transverse foramina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Presentation of Bow Hunter syndrome

A

Vertigo, syncope, tinnitus, diplopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Timeline of vasospasm after SAH

A

Typically occurs 3-14 days after SAH and generally peaks on days 6-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Criteria for vasospasm using TCD

A

Flow velocity greater than 200 cm/s or less than 120 cm/s, significant increase in flow velocity from day to day (> 50 cm/s), and a Lindegaard ratio (MCA velocity/ICA velocity) higher than 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Current standard for endovascular treatment of cerebral vasospasm

A

Mechanical dilation with a balloon and/or selective or superselective pharmacological vasorelaxation with IA agents (papaverine, verapamil, nicardipine, and milrinone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Arteries that can be treated with endovascular treatment after vasospasm

A

Angioplasty can be used for larger vessels (2-3 mm in diameter) which includes the ICA segments M1, A1, intradural vertebral artery, basilar and P1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mainstay of medical management for patients with carotid atherosclerosis

A

Risk factor modification and anti-platelet therapy (ASA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathophysiology of moyamoya disease

A

Chronic, progressive occlusion of the ICA at and distal to the carotid siphon that may also involve the proximal segments of the MCA and ACA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hallmark features of moyamoya on cerebral angiography

A

Narrowing of the C1 and C2 segments of the ICA and proximal involvement of the MCA and ACA bilaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Surgical intervention for moyamoya disease

A

Direct revascularization using an anastomosis between the ICA and ECA

Indirect revascularization involves placement of vascularized tissue on the surface of the ischemic brain, stimulation of angiogenesis, and formation of collateral networks between donor and recipient tissue

17
Q

Conditions commonly associated with cerebral arterial dissection

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia, Marfan’s, polycystic kidney disease, and vasculitides

18
Q

Grade 1 Hunt and Hess

A

Asymptomatic, mild HA, slight nuchal rigidity

19
Q

Grade 2 Hunt and Hess

A

CN palsy, moderate to severe HA, severe nuchal rigidity

20
Q

Grade 3 Hunt and Hess

A

Mild focal deficit, lethargy, confusion

21
Q

Grade 4 Hunt and Hess

A

Stupor, moderate to severe hemiparesis, early decerebrate rigidity

22
Q

Grade 5 Hunt and Hess

A

Deep coma, decerebrate rigidity, moribund appearance

23
Q

Risk factors for rupture of AVMs

A

Previous rupture, high pressure over the malformation, small nidus, deep brain location, intranidal or feeding artery aneurysms, deep venous drainage, and venous occlusions

24
Q

Definition of cavernous malformation

A

Vascular lesions with closely spaced sinusoidal vessels lacking a smooth muscle layer and without interspaced neural tissue

25
Q

Two predictors of vasospasm after SAH

A

Thickness of SAH clot and the presence of IVH

26
Q

Grade 0 on Modified Fisher scale

A

No SAH or IVH

27
Q

Grade 1 on Modified Fisher scale

A

Thin SAH, no IVH

28
Q

Grade 2 on Modified Fisher scale

A

Thin SAH with IVH

29
Q

Grade 3 on Modified Fisher scale

A

Thick SAH, no IVH

30
Q

Grade 4 on Modified Fisher scale

A

Thick SAH with IVH

31
Q

Difference between thin and thick SAH on CT

A

About 1 mm vertical thickness is the cutoff between thin and thick SAH for Modified Fisher scale

32
Q

Prevention of rebleeding after aneurysmal SAH

A

The only definitive method to prevent re-bleeding is securing the aneurysm via clipping or endovascular coiling

33
Q

Medical prevention of re-bleeding after aneurysmal SAH

A

Antifibrinolytics (epsilon-aminocaproic acid) 4 mg IV load, then 1g/hour every 6 hours until aneurysm occlusion

34
Q

BP parameters to maintain to prevent re-bleeding after aneurysmal SAH

A

BP lowering to a SBP of 140-160 is reasonable prior to securing the aneurysm and is usually done with a titratable drip of nicardipine or labetalol

35
Q

Percentage of patients who get sentinel headaches before SAH?

A

Between 10-50% and they most commonly occur 2-8 weeks before overt SAH.

36
Q

What are the three types of ocular hemorrhages that are associated with SAH?

A
  1. Subhyaloid (preretinal) hemorrhage.
  2. (intra) retinal hemorrhage.
  3. hemorrhage within the vitreous humor (Terson syndrome).
37
Q

Percentage of rebleeding during SAH in the 2 weeks.

A

1.5% per day for the first 13 days, therefore overall rate is 15-20% within 14 days.

38
Q

What percentage of aneurysms will rebleed within the first 6 months after SAH?

A

50%.

39
Q

Risk factors for rebleeding after SAH.

A

Higher H/H scores, larger aneurysm size, poorly controlled BP, and pre-op ventriculostomy.

NS (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions