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patho > Vascular > Flashcards

Vascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary responsibility of vascular pathology?

A

Responsible for more morbidity and mortality than any other category of human disease

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2
Q

What are the two principal mechanisms underlying vascular disease?

A
  • Narrowing (stenosis) or complete obstruction
  • Weakening of the vessel walls
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3
Q

What is the main function of arteries?

A

Carry blood from the heart to the capillaries and control blood flow and blood pressure

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4
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessel structure?

A
  • Tunica intima (interna)
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa
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5
Q

What type of vessels enable the exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid?

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Literally means ‘hardening of the arteries’; involves arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity

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7
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall to endothelial injury leading to plaque formation

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8
Q

What are the four general patterns of arteriosclerosis?

A
  • Arteriolosclerosis
  • Mönckeberg medial sclerosis
  • Fibromuscular intimal hyperplasia
  • Atherosclerosis
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9
Q

What is hypertension (HT) defined as in clinical guidelines?

A

> 140/80 mm Hg

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10
Q

What are the two types of vasculitides based on pathogenic mechanisms?

A
  • Immune-mediated inflammation
  • Direct invasion of vascular walls by infectious pathogens
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11
Q

What are the clinical features of Giant Cell Arteritis?

A
  • Facial pain
  • Headaches
  • Diplopia
  • Blindness
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12
Q

What is a common complication of cerebral aneurysms?

A

Rupture leading to severe headache and potential hemorrhagic stroke

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13
Q

What is the primary treatment for Giant Cell Arteritis?

A

Steroids

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14
Q

What are the risk factors for developing an aortic aneurysm?

A
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Genetic factors
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15
Q

What is the most common site for cerebral aneurysms?

A

At the forks or branches in arteries, particularly at the base of the brain

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16
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Abnormally dilated, tortuous veins produced by prolonged increased intraluminal pressure

17
Q

What are the primary types of vascular tumors?

A
  • Haemangioma
  • Lymphangioma
  • Angiosarcoma
18
Q

What is the main characteristic of Wegener granulomatosis?

A

Necrotizing vasculitis characterized by granulomas affecting the upper and lower respiratory tract

19
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel.

A

Aneurysm

20
Q

True or False: Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis.

A

True

21
Q

What are common symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture?

A
  • Severe, sudden pain in lower back and abdomen
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Clammy skin
22
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for detecting aneurysms?

A
  • Abdominal or chest x-ray
  • Ultrasound or echocardiography
  • CT Scan
  • MRI
  • Angiography
23
Q

What is the primary cause of hypertension in 90% of cases?

A

Primary hypertension (idiopathic)

24
Q

What characterizes benign and tumor-like conditions?

A

Solidly cellular, more proliferative and do not form well-organised vessels

25
Q

What is a common type of vascular ectasia?

A

Port wine stain

26
Q

What percentage of benign childhood tumors are hemangiomas?

A

7%

27
Q

What are the types of hemangiomas?

A
  • Capillary hemangiomas (MC)
  • Juvenile hemangioma (strawberry)
  • Cavernous hemangioma
  • Pyogenic granulomas
28
Q

What is a key characteristic of juvenile (infantile) hemangiomas?

A

Present at birth and can increase in size

29
Q

What is the internal hemangioma referred to as?

A

Angiomatosis

30
Q

What are lymphangiomas?

A

Benign lymphatic counterpart of hemangiomas

31
Q

What are the two types of lymphangiomas?

A
  • Simple (capillary)
  • Cavernous
32
Q

Where do glomus tumors commonly occur?

A

Under fingernails

33
Q

What virus is associated with Kaposi Sarcoma?

A

Herpesvirus

34
Q

Who is most commonly affected by Kaposi Sarcoma?

A

People with AIDS

35
Q

What are the risk factors for Kaposi Sarcoma?

A
  • Male
  • > 40 years
  • Mediterranean, Middle East, Eastern European or African descent
36
Q

What is Angiosarcoma?

A

Malignant endothelial neoplasm

37
Q

What is the common site for Angiosarcoma?

A
  • Skin
  • Soft tissue
  • Breast
  • Liver
38
Q

What condition can Angiosarcoma arise in?

A

Lymphoedema

39
Q

What is the 5-year survival rate for Angiosarcoma?

A

Approximately 30%

patho (13 decks)

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