haemodynamic dysfunction Flashcards

1
Q

define haemodynamic

A

factors that govern blood flow that are dependent on the relationship between cardiac output, blood pressure and resistance

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2
Q

cardiac out put = ?

A

heart rate X stroke volume

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3
Q

what is frank starling law

A

heart pumps more blood when its filled with more blood
more blood = stronger heart contraction = more blood out

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4
Q

what is oedema

A

accumulation of fluid in interstitial space

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5
Q

factors affecting intravascular and interstitial water movement

A

increased hydrostatic pressure
lymphatic obstruction
inflammation
decreased blood volume

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6
Q

when does fluid accumulate

A

if movement of water in tissues exceeds lymphatic drainage

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7
Q

what is hyperaemia

A

localised increased volume of oxygenated blood
an active process resulting from arteriole dilation

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8
Q

what does hyperaemia help with

A

removal of waste materials and dilution of harmful substances by bringing more fluid and antibodies to area

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9
Q

what is congestion

A

passive process resulting from impaired outflow from a tissue

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10
Q

2 types of congestion

A

systematic - cardiac failure
local - isolated venous obstruction

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11
Q

differences of hyperaemia and congestion

A

H = active C = passive
H = increased blood flow C = impaired blood flow
H during exercise/inflammation C venous obstruction and cardiac failure
H = oxygenated blood / redder C = de oxygnated / blue

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12
Q

what is left sided heart failure

A

chronic congestion of lung

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13
Q

aetiology of left sided heart failure

A

systematic HT
valve disease
primary myocardial disease

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14
Q

clinical presentation of L sided

A

pulmonary congestion
oedema
salt and water retention = coma
brown lung

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15
Q

what is right sided heart failure

A

caused by L sided
pulmonary congestion and raised arterial pressure

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16
Q

clinical presentation of right sided

A

congestion and oedema peripherally
effusions in pleura
ascites of peritoneum
splenomegaly - enlarged

17
Q

what is haemostasis

A

blood clots at site of injury

18
Q

what are platelets

A

helps with clot formation
activates clotting cascade

19
Q

what is a haemorrhage

A

bleeding from a damaged blood vessel

20
Q

six stages of clot formation

A

vasoconstriction
platelet
coagulation
formation of final clot
clot removal - normal blood flow

21
Q

define thrombosis

A

blood clots at site of vascular injury

22
Q

3 components of thrombosis

A

vascular wall
platelets
coagulation failure

23
Q

what does Virchow’s triad say causes thrombus formation

A

endothelial injury
stasis of blood
blood hyper coagulability

24
Q

what is the endothelium

A

thin layer of cells on the interior surface of blood, lymphatic vessels and heart

25
endothelial dysfunction is the key factor in which diseases
atherosclerosis hypertension diabetes- vascular complications heart attack and stroke
26
what is propagation
additional platelets and fibrin accumulate
27
what is embolization
thrombi dislodges and travels through blood
28
what is an embolism
dislodged thrombi
29
what is ischaemic necrosis
death of tissue resulting from lack of blood supply
30
what is myocardial infarction
death of heart muscle due to blocked coronary arteries
31
what is hypoxemia
low level of oxygen in blood specifically arterial blood
32
what are most infarcts replaced by
scar tissue