Values and Cultural Change

Question 1

Values

Answer 1

emotionally charged preferences

Question 2

Core-Values can be Highly Variable cross-culturally
examples

Answer 2

Americans value freedom & free-choice: marriage, vote, career, speech VS Socialist/communist of collective good countries not the same because of political history

Pre Marital Chastity

Bodily Functions (Japan vs US)

Question 3

Dowry

Answer 3

where bride’s family gives groom’s family or couple

Question 4

Bride Price

Answer 4

the groom’s family is paying for right of the bride

Question 5

Nude Bathing

Answer 5

customary to bathe before or after dinner with others when visiting someone’s house in Japan

Question 6

“shut” and “unchi”

Answer 6

japanese ad based on a california raisin ad which was a toilet cover ad where poop sang instead of raisins

Question 7

Condom factory

Answer 7

street sign that advertised this very boldly

Question 8

Idiosyncratic

Answer 8

How many values are dependent upon the individual

EX: vegitarianism

Question 9

Values are often highly Divisive in nature + Examples

Answer 9

emotionally charged preferences.

Suffrage for Native Americans - 1924, big in native american populated states

Pro Life vs Pro Choice - putting 2 strong opinions against each other, when is it actually alive

Capital Punishment yes or no - death penalty

Question 10

Core values can be very Ethnocentric example

Answer 10

Tasmania - wiped out and treated very inhumane

Cultural extinctions - 87 extinctions in the last century

Question 11

Values tend to Reflect, or be consistent with, other areas of culture example

Answer 11

Extended Postpartum Sexual Taboos - refrain from having sex for long after having a kid (2+ years), done in cultures with limited sources of protein (done to allow full milk feeding of child)
* Horticulture and Kwashiorkor

Not compatible in Western culture because we have food

Question 12

Values Change example

Answer 12

Integrity of the government
* 1950s everyone would agree in integrity
* A lot of people agreed after 9/11 because they believed that gov would respond
* Now no one agrees

Question 13

Two types of cultural change (innovation)

Answer 13

Invention and discovery

Question 14

Innovation

Answer 14

basis of all culture change, the Ultimate Source.

“Any new practice or custom, tool or element of technology, value or principle of knowledge, that becomes Widely Embraced by a Significant Number of Individuals in a given society.”

Question 15

Invention

Answer 15

a novel rearrangement or use of preexisting knowledge or technologies.

Question 16

Examples of Invention

Answer 16

Rugby → football
Cricket → baseball

Airplane - wright brothers used pre existing technology (kites, birds, air balloons, gliders, gliders on wheels)

Warfare - Spear → spear thrower (longer stick that makes up for short limbs) → bow and arrow (+bow drill for fires) –> cosmetic rockets (after discovery of gunpowder) → dangerous rockets (projectiles, cannons, artillery, missiles) → guns

Question 17

Discovery

Answer 17

A wholly new Technology or Knowledge, becoming aware of existing phenomena.

Question 18

Examples of Discovery

Answer 18

• Microwave Energy - led to invention of radar, microwave ovens (weren’t used often because people were scared of it)
• Pasteurization - huge impact of food storage and safety
• Penicillin - huge impact of medicine that was spread widely quickly And other antibiotics invented based on penicillin
• Fermentation - alcohol was an inevitable discovery because food storage causes fermentation. Eventually developed very well. Almost everything can be fermented.
  Alcohol (like rubbing alcohol or hard spirit) is more of an invention that originated from a discovery. A still was invented to capture the vapor
• Oil - led to the invention of a lot of petroleum products (plastic, gas, etc.)
• Nuclear energy
• DNA - a lot of genetic works

Question 19

Diffusion

Answer 19

the spreading of cultural traits over time and geographical space. Sometimes modified to fit the culture that is borrowing the item.

Americanized Food - everything is fried
Spread across the world from US - coke, fast food (modified to fit culture), Hollywood (American films), consumerism

Question 20

100% American

Answer 20

book that demonstrates where the common items are from somewhere else.
* Everything is imported & invented from somewhere else
* Glass, rubber, silk, cotton, coins, pottery, steel, etc

Question 21

Why are Cultural Traits Adopted?

Answer 21

Relative Advantage (with tech before) & Compatibility (does it fit or be easily modified)

Entertainment, style, status, taste good, nostalgia

Question 22

Diffusion of the Horse

Answer 22

Culture trait adopted because it was compatible with the lack of predators.
Horses made it easier to hunt buffalo which provided a lot of resources and just gather resources + travel in general.

Question 23

Examples of Compatibility

Answer 23

McDonalds in India - Changed because a lot of India don’t eat cows (veggie burgers)

Steak Houses & Sushi - Japanese steak houses was very popular in the US (American japanese food)