Hu, En, Sb

Question 1

Human Universals

Answer 1

Any cultural trait or institution that is found in all societies or cultures.

Question 2

Why would there be certain types or categories of behavior that are universal?

Answer 2

Similar set of needs and problems
Common Biological Ancestry

Question 3

Similar set of needs and problems

Answer 3

Basic Survival
Subsistence
Protection
Enculturation
Prolonged Dependency of Children
Language
Sociopolitical rules
Health/medicines
Need to explain the unknown

Question 4

Common Biological Ancestry

Answer 4

Biological Constraints
Prolonged Dependency of Children
Language Acquisition
Sexual Dimorphism
Female Reproductive Changes
Female loss of Estrus (cycle)
Insecure Male Theory (Cuckoldry)

Question 5

Prolonged Dependency of Children

Answer 5

• human children take longer to become educated and self sufficient than other animals
• This allows humans to have a more complex brain system and lets us take in a lot of information
• Limits and shapes work roles that take care of children

Question 6

Language Acquisition

Answer 6

takes a lot of time so children cannot help work

Question 7

Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 7

male vs female bodies being different

Division of labor
* women - gather & nurse kids
* Men - hunt

Question 8

Catherine Marsh Study

Answer 8

Tests that involved exposing menstrual blood to captive & wild animals
* Herbivores all avoid & hide from the blood
* Carnivores react with aggression

Question 9

Female Reproductive Changes

Answer 9

Menopause - leaves a limited amount of time for reproduction

Question 10

Quantity vs Quality Theory

Answer 10

Quantity - In the males best interests to have as many children as possible by giving as little resources as possible

Quality - In women’s interests to have less children and focus resources on few childrens

Question 11

Sociobiology

Answer 11

movement that began that talks about the biological undertakings for behavior

Controversial because they don’t like behavior being reduced to biology

Question 12

Input for male and female was required for the growth of children

Answer 12

Hunting & gathering was important

Parents are kept together to raise their children (despite the genetic differences) through hard wired psyche

Culture can override

Question 13

Female loss of Estrus (cycle)

Answer 13

Humans are the only mammals that have concealed ovulation

Human females that live together have their periods sync up indicates that some point in the past, humans had a alpha male system but something happened causing the loss of estrus
* Alpha male system doesn’t work because sexual excitement is all the time

Question 14

alpha male system

Answer 14

biggest, strongest male challenges to mate with females. Evolutionary benefit of the best genes being passed down.

Issue solved by having females ovulate at the same time (only present in mammals that have an alpha male system). Makes it so alpha male can’t tend to everyone at once.

Question 15

Concealed ovulation allows

Answer 15

In favor of females - Males don’t fight to mate, rather they fight to attract the female

Question 16

Pair bonding

Answer 16

sex for pleasure leading to love

Allows for the prolonged dependency for children which allows for complex education and culture

Question 17

Insecure Male Theory

Answer 17

Males are continual unsure of paternity - allows them to stay around so they aren’t taking care of someone else’s kid

Ensures marriage - social safeguard that males aren’t investing in another kids child

Question 18

Cuckold

Answer 18

gender neutral word meaning your messing with someone else’s lover

Question 19

“Blank Slate” or “Empty Cup” Theory Founder

Answer 19

Ruth Benedict

Question 20

“Blank Slate” or “Empty Cup” Theory

Answer 20

humans are like blank states at birth and everything is possible

Question 21

Leslie white

Answer 21

culture is entirely extrasomatic (happens outside of the body)

Question 22

Cognitive Design Elements:

Answer 22

1. Detect and Prefer the Central Tendency
2. Trust the Familiar, Distrust the Foreign
3. Culture can Override

Question 23

Detect and Prefer the Central Tendency

Answer 23

Evolution and Conformity - makes sense because those that cooperated among themselves and take collective action achieved greater adaptive success & survival

Question 24

Trust the Familiar, Distrust the Foreign

Answer 24

War, Aggression, Slavery, xenophobia, stranger damger

Chimpanzees - Jane Goodall & group of genetic cleansers

Non-Linguistic Universals - body signals

Question 25

Culture can Override

Answer 25

Mother Infant Bonding
“Naturally Aggressive”

Question 26

Shepper-Hughes and Anjinhos

Answer 26

north east Brazil

Anjinhos - babies believed not meant to live. They’re not named or cared for. They’re born not as animated or crying. Believed that the child won’t survive long enough to give resources or emotional care.
Extreme poverty
Coping mechanism

Mother-infant bonding

Question 27

“Naturally Aggressive”

Answer 27

idea that people are naturally aggressive (conflict and war is inevitable).

Media portrays violence a lot and rewards it.

EX: marvel & john wick, Presidential popularity when caring for war, aggression in the business world

Question 28

Semai people of Malaysia

Answer 28

tribal society that have withdrawn into the mountain wilderness and have very little contact with the outside world.
* Gentleness is the norm in society. Aggressive behavior is shunned.
* Conflict & anger is fixed through negotiation.

Question 29

Enculturation

Answer 29

the process of the acquisition of culture, learned/taught.
* Most culture is learned/picked up
* Some is explicitly taught

Question 30

4 Avenues of enculturation

Answer 30

1. Observation and Mimicry
2. Emulation of Model Behavior
3. Technical Instruction
4. Conditioning

Question 31

Observation and Mimicry

Answer 31

happens at birth. Information that is picked up and not explicitly taught.

EX: language acquisition, food preferences, carrying self, clothing, gender roles

Question 32

Emulation of Model Behavior

Answer 32

age 4-10. Imitating higher status individuals.
* Gender roles passed down

Question 33

Technical Instruction

Answer 33

schools. Explicitly taught

Question 34

Conditioning

Answer 34

positive and negative sanctions.

fictive agents - imaginary characters that parents will use to condition their children.

Question 35

Needs

Answer 35

energy
protein
vitamins
fats
water

Question 36

Energy

Answer 36

calories (2000 for average adult) - without sufficient calories for a long period of time the body will begin to eat itself

Question 37

Marasmus

Answer 37

caloric deficiency in humans. Victims become living skeletons, skin becomes very thin and tight. * Eyes appear to bug out. Can lead to death.
* Affect children across the world.

Question 38

Protein

Answer 38

1 gram per kilo of weight per day. Important for skeletal growth (important for children).

Question 39

Kwashiorkor

Answer 39

Protein deficiency disease caused by a long time without protein.
* Biggest symptom is swelling/edema in the abdomen. Rust color tint to hair & skin lesions.

Question 40

Malnutritioned children typically have both

Answer 40

Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

Question 41

Vitamins

Answer 41

need for the immune system.

Question 42

Fats

Answer 42

allow for storage of energy and thermal regulation

Question 43

Water

Answer 43

helps regulate thermoregulation and chemical reaction.
Body’s cooling system.
Helps with digestion.
* Dehydration is one of the most lethal condition

Question 44

Great Basin groups subsistence solution

Answer 44

grasshoppers at certain times of year because game was scattered and difficult to find. Make noise then catch them in nets. Very high in protein.

Question 45

Eskimo/Athabascan subsistence solution

Answer 45

sausage, fish, birds
captured and stored/fermented in seal intestines

Question 46

Pastoralists subsistence solution

Answer 46

diet based mostly on domesticated animals
* cows blood mixed with milk
* dried cheese curdles