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ANTH 205 > Mar-Kin > Flashcards

Mar-Kin Flashcards

1
Q

Marriage is a

A

Human Universal

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2
Q

Functions of Marriage

A

Rights to wealth
Socially sanctions and controls sexual behavior
Environment or structure of enculturation
Economic arrangement
Defines each partner’s role - child care vs breadwinner
Primary way to submit economic and political lines between families

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3
Q

Marriage: Insecure Male Theory -

A

allows women to ensure male investment of time and resources (for children). Social contract that’s like insurance.
For males, it allows males to have paternity

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4
Q

Evolutionary Explanations for marriage

A

Insecure male theory
loss of estrus cycle
cuckoldry

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5
Q

Marriage: Loss of Estrus Cycle

A

concealed ovulation so males are unaware. This ensures male paternity/sticks around to provide resources. Prevents males from going around and gaining the advantage of spreading resources.

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6
Q

Marriage: Cuckoldry

A

prevents significant other from messing around
men fear investing in another’s offspring

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7
Q

Are evolutionary perspectives on marriage true now>

A

No. love & alliance now.

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8
Q

Marriage Types

A

Monogamy
Polygyny
Polyandry

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9
Q

Monogamy

A

only one spouse.

Traditionally male and female
25% of cultures prefer this in 1949
Highest fertility rates and best health
Serial monogamy. But a lot of divorces

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10
Q

Polygyny

A

One man has multiple wives.

  • Most common/preferred form of marriage by cultures (71%)
  • Horticulture and tropical & pastoralist societies
    *postpartum sexual taboos
  • males compete for the number of wives
  • typically for men of higher status
  • wives fight for reputation and resources
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11
Q

Polygyny for the Amazon tribes

A

had 2-3 children but when shifted to Christianity they became monogamous and had 8+ kids.

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12
Q

Polyandry

A

One woman has multiple husbands

  • Dominate in 4% of cultures
  • Cohusbands are as closely related as possible (husbands and cousins)
  • Oldest brother will claim paternity for first & second child and it goes down the line
  • Lowest fertility and health rates
  • most women don’t get married
  • harsh environments with low carrying capaities
  • When land is scarce. passed down through daughters
  • birth control & infantcide
  • bride price
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13
Q

Levirate

A

husband dies so younger brother will marry the wife of a deceased family member

If couple hadn’t had a child then younger brother’s first kid would belong to older brother.

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14
Q

Sororate

A

If wife were to die then family would replace her with a younger sister

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15
Q

Levirate & Sororate emphasize what?

A

that marriage is moreso a marriage between two families.

Two families would make an agreement early on in the children’s lives.

Typically both are in place in a society

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16
Q

Incest Taboos

A

almost a human universal within the nuclear family
* Brother sister marriage is almost always prohibited

Exceptions: Aztecs, romans, egypt, hawaii royal families because their lines are considered divine by gods

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17
Q

Reasons/Theories for incest taboos

A

Inbreeding Avoidance, Familiarity Breeds Avoidance, Prevent Disruption of Family Unit, competition

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18
Q

Inbreeding Avoidance

A

undesirable recessive genes. Weak babies that cannot survive or have high rates of birth defects.

Ju Hoansi had very strict rules (names of family)

Those without the taboos typically had a lot less children

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19
Q

Familiarity Breeds Avoidance

A

Children who grow up together don’t really have sexual desires for siblings

20
Q

Kibbutz in Aztec

A

Those raised in a communal settings together have a very low rate of marrying together because they’re like siblings

21
Q

Incest taboos: Taiwan

A

future bride would live with future husband at a young age but would often lead to a divorce.

22
Q

Prevent Disruption of Family Unit

A

Introducing sexual activity within a family could cause jealousy/competition

A lot of culture prohibit marrying anyone you live with

23
Q

Helen Fisher’s cross-cultural study about divorce.

A

Found that if a marriage is going to end in a divorce it will likely happen 3-4 years after marriage

Looked at study of pheromones. They apparently smell different after 3-4 years

24
Q

Helen Fisher’s Thesis

A

Evolutionary reasons: 3-4 years after the first sexual encounter that produces a child survivorship of child goes up greatly after they reach 2-3 years old. Survival was a lot lower for infants. This is an evolutionary development for couples to only stay together until the child is old enough to survive

25
Q

7 year hitch

A

couples begin to eye other people

26
Q

Mating Preferences

A

Men: prefer beauty and youth. Strong cues for potential fertility. Women who show high fidelity.
Women: prefer higher intelligence, status, etc. Strong cues of men who could provide potential resources
* Still exists even when women are independently wealthy

27
Q

Purposes of Kinship systems

A

determines social support, determines altruistic behavior (unselfish concern for others, even to the point of death), determines who you can marry.

28
Q

Exogamy

A

marrying outside of one’s own group (kin group)
* Spreading of potential genetics
* Alliances - Trade, political support
* Clans

29
Q

Endogamy

A

marrying in one’s own group (social group)
* caste
* Forced to marry part of same religious beliefs

30
Q

Kinship is based on 3 lines

A

Consanguineal
Affinal
Fictive

31
Q

Consanguineal

A

blood related

32
Q

Affinal

A

Related by marriage

33
Q

Fictive

A

tracing your connections to someone far into the past

So many generations pass that it becomes like a legend

34
Q

Cherokee had what clans?

A

7 matrilineal exogamous

Tried to become patrilineal because of the US government. Didn’t work because they ended up being relocated
Inheritance, last names

35
Q

Tracing Descent

A

Patrilineal, Matrilineal, Bilateral

36
Q

Patrilineal

A

from males line

Patrilocal - female will go to males vicinity

37
Q

Matrilineal

A

from female line

Matrilocal - male will go to females vicinity

38
Q

Bilateral

A

emphasis from both sides of decent

39
Q

Kin terms: Our System & who is similar

A

Eskimo

Doesn’t distinguish gender, side of family, relation

40
Q

Kin terms simplest:

A

Native Hawaiians
Parental generation is referred to as mother or father
Your generation everyone is brothers and sisters
Generation below is all son and daughters

41
Q

Kin Terms: Most Complicated

A

Sudanese
Words that pinpoint the exact relationship to someone else

42
Q

Pater

A

social father
Mother’s brother who takes care of child

43
Q

Genitor

A

biological father

44
Q

Matrilineal societies

A

Husbands are normally matrilocal so mother’s brothers will normally be nearby to take care of children

45
Q

Crow & Avunculocal Residence

A

Avunculocal Residence - till 6 the child would live in father’s house to teach the kid then they would move to live with the mother’s brother for the rest of their life

Crows were unique because they were matrilineal but patrilocal

46
Q

Trobriand Islanders

A

matrilineal, no word for genetic father.

Had “mother’s husband”
Father referred to social father. They have a strict relationship vs more relaxed one with genetic father

ANTH 205 (11 decks)

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