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ANTH 205 > Lang, Cog. S&R > Flashcards

Lang, Cog. S&R Flashcards

1
Q

Human language is…

A

unique for its complexity

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2
Q

Chapege

A

ape that learned 500 ASL signs and taught her kids.

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3
Q

4 Primary Attributes of langauge:

A
  1. Tremendous Intraspecific Diversity
  2. Language is based on Symbols
  3. Multiplicity of Patterning
  4. Displacement
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4
Q

Tremendous Intraspecific Diversity

A

Thousands of languages exists that are mutually unintelligible

this is vs animals of the same species that can all understand each other

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5
Q

Language is based on Symbols

A

ability to combine and recombine a limited number of phonemes to a billion of combinations to express thought

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6
Q

Parts of language

A
  1. Phoneme
  2. Morpheme
  3. Syntax
  4. Linguistic frames
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7
Q

Phoneme

A

smallest units of language (sounds).

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8
Q

Morpheme

A

Phonemes combine. The smallest unit of a language that has semantic (meaning) significance

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9
Q

Types of Morpheme

A

Free: not dependent, can stand alone

Bound: must be bound to a free morph (prefixes and suffixes).

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10
Q

Syntax

A

word order. Each language has their own rules

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11
Q

Linguistic Frames

A

Vocal or physical cues that change the actual meaning of the words

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12
Q

Displacement

A

ability to refer to something that is not immediately present or is even abstract.

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13
Q

2 Broad Avenues of Non-Verbal Communication

A

Proxemics & Kinesics

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14
Q

Proxemics

A

the study of the use of space (public & private spheres & across and between cultures).

personal space and greeting space

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15
Q

Personal Space US vs Brazil

A

in the U.S., approximately 3 feet from the head
Brazil - very touch

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16
Q

Personal space

A

Depends on culture
Violation if you cross it
Depends on relationships

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17
Q

Greeting Space

A

how close before you acknowledge them
culturally controlled

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18
Q

Greeting Space US vs Brazil

A

US: 20-12 feet
Brazil - very far

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19
Q

Kinesics

A

The study of the use of the body (body language). The message of the body intentionally or intentionally.

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20
Q

Kinesics is

A

highly Situation/Status Dependent.

Depends on gender, marital status, organizational membership etc.

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21
Q

Touching among Adults, Children & Status, various groups.

A

Elbow
Adults allowed to touch kids
football players

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22
Q

Situational & how one carries the Body, Posture, Clothing.

A

how one carries and displays themselves
affects how a person is percieved

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23
Q

Cognition

A

the process through which we perceive and process information.

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24
Q

Taxonomy

A

hierarchical system of classification of phenomena-

Goes from general to most specific

25
Monolexemic terms: 2 criteria:
1. cannot be subsumed into a larger category * Largest category 2. wide applicability, can be used
26
Light Spectrum has how many monolexemic terms
11
27
Pattern of light spectrum
Black & White= found in all cultures (only universal) If 3 always Red If 4 always Yellow or Green ` If 5 always previous + Yellow or Green (Maya & “Blue” - they don’t have blue) If 6 always previous + Blue ***After 6 there is no pattern.
28
Polylexemic References
using more words. More specific. Those cultures reliant on the environment have more polylexemic terms while those that aren’t use more monolexemic terms People of the amazons and having no color for green
29
Plant Taxonomy 5 layers of classification
1. Unique Beginner 2. Life Form 3. Generic 4. Specific 5. Varietal
30
What plant taxonomy would those working with the environment use?
Variety
31
What plant taxonomy would we use?
Life form
32
Language of the Eskimos
Very elaborate linguistic domain for snow and ice because they live above the arctic circle Can replicate the sound of banging on ice verbally to indicate to others where it’s safe to walk
33
Status
socially defined or recognized position within the group.
34
Role
set of behaviors appropriate to that position.
35
Status can be
Permanent or Temporary
36
Rites of Passage
institutionalized rituals sanctioned by societies or social groups to recognize and legitimize your new position. ceremony can be the end/beginning of something
37
Liminal period
in between period of statuses
38
Rites of passage forms what?
Close bonds
39
New Status carries both
privileges and duties caring for spouse and receiving aid from government
40
Determination of Status
Achieved & ascribed
41
Achieved
expected from individuals to gain a status
42
Ascribed
birth rite, can't be changed
43
Patern and Genitor in matrilineal vs patrilineal groups
The same in paternal societies but are different in maternal families
44
Orixas
African gods associated with Christian saints. Outwardly praising Christian saints while internally praising African gods.
45
Role Changes/Reversals examples
Covade, berdache, carnaval
46
Covade
when a man’s wife gives birth, she will move off to live with other women. The husband will pitch a tent next to the wife. The husband would moan in pain the whole time next to the wife (mimicking wife). The husband will produce a doll at the end. Marking role as the genitor.
47
Berdache
Barracuda tribe. Men will live most of their lives in the role of women. Fulfill role as women: care for children, wore women's clothes, cooked. Completely normal and not stigmatized.
48
Carnaval
temporary role reversal in Brazil. Nationwide participation where people go berserk to let off steam through a huge party. intermingling classes
49
Class systems
Open Class System and life chances
50
Open Class System
based on achievement and upward mobility Different classes aren’t sharply separated US
51
Life chances
individual’s opportunity to fulfill or failure to fulfill his/her potential in society. * less life chances for poor and minority Old england
52
Caste System in India
Ranked according to ritual purity. Determined by birth. Typically no change in castes Birth into caste is believed to be a reward or punishment for past life actions. Reason for exploitation.
53
Caste System in India Order
1. Brahmins 2. Kshatriyas 3. Vaishyas 4. Shudras 5. Untouchables
54
Brahmins
descended from priests and scholars, ranked highest
55
Kshatriyas
descended from warrior class. Any occupations today
56
Vaishyas
merchants
57
Shudras
menial workers or artisans
58
Untouchables/Dalit
Castless. Believed that the mere touch of these people could ruin the ritual purity of a caste. They were restricted to low menial labor. 16% of population but 8% of seats represented in parliament

ANTH 205 (11 decks)

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