Validity And Efficacy Flashcards
demonstrated when there is is clinical improvement from the
treatment in the real-world context
Treatment effectiveness
provide a focus and a reason for undertaking treatment, which in turn guide treatment planning and evaluation
Ultimate outcomes
self reported improvements that matter to the client in the
context of their own lives
Personal significance
the degree to which actual implementation of the treatment in the real-world is consistent with the prototype treatment administered in the controlled conditions of the treatment efficacy study
Treatment fidelity
When treatment efficacy is established, the improvement in client performance can be shown to be what 3 things
- Derived from the treatment rather than the extraneous factors
- Real and reproducible
- Clinically important
Treatment efficacy research is aimed at demonstrating the benefits of treatment through well-controlled studies with:
- Internal validity
- Statistical significance
- Practical significance
generally defined as the benefit of an intervention as compared to a control or standard program.
◦ It provides information about the behavior of clinical variables under controlled,
randomized conditions
◦ This allows researchers to examine theory and draw generalizations to large
populations
Efficacy
Five Phase Model of treatment outcome research
- Phase I treatment outcome research – studies are designed to establish whether a therapeutic effect
exists in the clinical environment, to estimate its potential magnitude, and to help identify potentially
useful treatment protocols - Phase II treatment outcome research – studies are conducted to determine the appropriateness of the
intervention. It helps define for whom the treatment is suitable and for whom it is not. - Phase III - treatment outcome research studies that are more rigorous experimental designs and
greater control is used - Phase IV- treatment outcome research that explores efficacy of interventions to see of it is effective in
the clinic (sometimes called translational research) - Phase V- treatment outcome research continues to explore effectiveness but with a greater influence
on efficiency. These studies identify the types of modifications or applications that are necessary or
beneficial for delivering service in a cost-effective manner
studies are designed to establish whether a therapeutic effect exists in the clinical environment, to estimate its potential magnitude, and to help identify potentially
useful treatment protocols
- Phase I treatment outcome research
studies are conducted to determine the appropriateness of the intervention. It helps define for whom the treatment is suitable and for whom it is not.
Phase II treatment outcome research
treatment outcome research studies that are more rigorous experimental designs and greater control is used
Phase III
treatment outcome research that explores efficacy of interventions to see of it is effective in the clinic (sometimes called translational research)
Phase IV
treatment outcome research continues to explore effectiveness but with a greater influence
on efficiency. These studies identify the types of modifications or applications that are necessary or
beneficial for delivering service in a cost-effective manner
Phase V
when the researcher reports a relationship between the intervention and the outcome (or progress) when no relationship (or progress) really exists.
Type 1 error
when the researcher reports that no relationship (or
improvement/progress) exists between the intervention and the outcome, when there really was a relationship or improvement
Type 2 error
Observation
Quantifying measurements
an abstract idea, theme, or subject matter that a researcher wants to measure. Because it is initially abstract, it must be defined.
Construct
The scales of measurement are:
- Nominal Scales
- Ordinal Scales
- Interval Scales
- Ratio Scales
used to categorize characteristics of subjects
Nominal scale
◦ Used to classify ranked categories
Ordinal scales
