Quantitative Approaches

Question 1

Essential steps in measurement

Answer 1

Define construct
Operationalization
Determine measurement procedure

Question 2

abstract idea, theme, or subject matter that a researcher wants to measure. Because it is initially abstract, it must be defined.

Answer 2

Construct

Question 3

specific rules that govern how numbers can be used to represent some quality of the construct that is being measured.

Answer 3

Scales of measurement

Question 4

4 scales of measurement

Answer 4

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

Question 5

used to categorize characteristics of subjects

Answer 5

Nominal scale

Question 6

Used to classify ranked categories

Answer 6

Ordinal scales

Question 7

Have equal distance between units of measurement

Answer 7

Interval scales

Question 8

Indicate absolute amount of measure

Answer 8

Ratio scale

Question 9

General degree of error present in measurement

Answer 9

Measurement error

Question 10

Two types of error

Answer 10

Systematic and random

Question 11

Predictable errors; occurs when instrument used over or underestimates true score

Answer 11

Systematic errors

Question 12

occurs by chance and can affect a subject’s score in an unpredictable manner

Answer 12

Random error

Question 13

Factors that can contribute to random errors:

Answer 13

Fatigue of the subject
Environmental influences
Inattention of the subject or rater

Question 14

Ways to reduce measurement error

Answer 14

Standardized instrument
Train rafters
Take repeated measurements

Question 15

In order to reduce measurement error we should ensure that our measures are _____ and _____

Answer 15

Reliable and valid

Question 16

the degree of consistency with which an instrument or rater measures a variable

Answer 16

Reliability

Question 17

The ratio of the true score variance to the total variance observed on an assessment

Answer 17

Reliability coefficient

Question 18

used to determine if an assessment is reliable

Answer 18

Empirical evaluation of an assessment

Question 19

The assessment is empirically evaluated through what 4 methods:

Answer 19

1. Test-retest reliability
2. Split-half reliability
3. Alternate forms of equivalency reliability
4. Internal consistency

Question 20

A metric indicating whether an assessment provides consistent results when it is
administered on two different occasions

Answer 20

Test-retest reliability

Question 21

Time 1 score

Answer 21

First variable

Question 22

Time 2 score

Answer 22

Second variable

Question 23

assess the reliability of questionnaires through divided sections and correlation scores from each half of the assessment

Answer 23

Split-half reliability

Question 24

assessment’s alternative forms are administered to subjects at the same time and then scores are correlated from the two forms of the assessment

Answer 24

Parallel forms of reliability

Question 25

extent to which the items that make up an assessment covary or correlate with each other.

Answer 25

Internal consistency

Question 26

The presence of the rater may impact the behavior of the subjects (The Hawthorne effect)

Answer 26

Observer presence and characteristics

Question 27

Bias may be introduced when one rater takes two or more measurements of the same item. The rater may be biased by remembering the score on the subject’s previous attempt/performance.

Answer 27

Rater bias

Question 28

two sources of observer/rater error that are typically examined

Answer 28

Observer presence and characteristics Rater bias

Question 29

When you have two or more raters who are assigning scores based on subject observation, there may be variations in the scores.

Answer 29

Inter-rater reliability

Question 30

How do we make sure a measurement is valid?

Answer 30

By making sure that the instrument being used measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 31

4 types of validity

Answer 31

1. Face validity 2. Content validity 3. Criterion validity 4. Construct validity

Question 32

The assumption of validity of a measuring instrument based on its appearance as a reasonable measure of a given variable

Answer 32

Face validity

Question 33

the adequacy with which an assessment is able to capture the construct it aims to measure

Answer 33

Content validity

Question 34

The ability of an assessment to produce results that are in agreement with or predict a known criterion assessment or known variable.

Answer 34

Criterion validity

Question 35

Criterion validity includes two types of evidence

Answer 35

Concurrent validity Predictive validity

Question 36

the degree to which the outcomes of one test correlate with outcomes on a criterion test, when both are given at the same time

Answer 36

Concurrent validity

Question 37

an instrument is used to predict some future performance

Answer 37

Predicative validity

Question 38

A type of measurement validity in which the degree of a theoretical construct is measured

Answer 38

Construct validity