Validity

Question 1

research strategy

Answer 1

general approach and goals of a research study, question/what is addressed determines which strategy is chosen

Question 2

Research design

Answer 2

how the strategy is implemented: group vs individual, same/different individual, nb of variables

Question 3

Research procedure

Answer 3

details on how the study will be done: how variables manipulated/ measured, nb of animals/ind. involved

Question 4

descriptive research strategy

Answer 4

current state of a variable, no comparison between groups, relationship between variables is not examined
ex: how many neurons are in the hippocampus

Question 5

Correlational research strategy

Answer 5

measures 2+ variables for every individual in the group,identify correlations between variables, measures relationships between variables(+,-, curve)
no manipulation

Question 6

Non-experimental research strategy

Answer 6

examine relationship between variable, looking for difference between 2 groups, no ctrl group, one variable has 2 levels, no manipulation

Question 7

Quasi-experimental research strategy

Answer 7

has ctrl group, groups cannot be randomly assigned, does not provide definitive answer about cause-effect,

Question 8

Experimental research strategy

Answer 8

explain relationship between 2 variables, establishes cause and effect, has ctrl group, compares 2+ groups on dep. variable, randomly assigned group that are manipulated

Question 9

internal validity

Answer 9

research that produces unambiguous explanation for the relationship between 2 variables, change in dep, v. must be due to change in independent variable

Question 10

threat to internal validity

Answer 10

any factor that raises doubts or allow alternative explanations: cofound, obscuring variable

Question 11

external validity

Answer 11

extent to which the experiemental result holds true outside the specific study

Question 12

threat to external validity

Answer 12

any characteristic that limits the generalizability of the result: specific study/data, limited participants

Question 13

Validity in experimental strategy

Answer 13

allows ctrl of the environment, conducted in ctrled and constant lab setting (high internal v) , exp research is often conducted in unfamiliar environments=> harder to generalize=> limits external v

Question 14

validity in non experimental

Answer 14

high external validity: realistic environments
limited internal validity: environment is not manipulated or ctrld

Question 15

generalizing across participants or subjects

Answer 15

(yes=threat to external validity) selection bias, convenience sample, volunteer bias, participant characteristics, cross-species generalization

Question 16

generalizing across study features

Answer 16

(yes=threat to external validity) novelty effects: influence from being in novel environment
multiple treatment interference,
experimenter characteristics

Question 17

generalizing across different measures

Answer 17

(yes=threat to external validity)
sensitization : monitoring a behaviour can alter behavior
timing of measurment

Question 18

cofounding variables

Answer 18

threat to internal validity
change with the ind. v = changes in the dep. variable , difficult to remove
ex: assignment bias, environmental/time related variables, observer bias

Question 19

Obscuring variables

Answer 19

threat to internal validity,
makes changes in dependent variable hard to observe, lead to measuremnet error, noisy data
ex: ineffective manipulation, measurement error, excessive variation in data

Question 20

criteria for generalization

Answer 20

1. controlled comparison rule
2. sampling rule
3. operational definitions rule

Question 21

controlled comparison rule

Answer 21

comparing data between experimental and ctrl groups
when comparison is ctrld => internal validity

Question 22

sampling rule

Answer 22

adequate sample size to control for random sampling error, unbiased sample is representative or pop., can generalize broad principles

Question 23

operational definitions

Answer 23

determines what principles can be generalized, replicated experiments can be used with different operational definition to generalize