Research Ethics

Question 1

Ethical responsibilities

Answer 1

to ensure accurate and honest research conduct and report, to ensure dignity,welfare, and respect for both human and nonhuman subjects

Question 2

numberg trial

Answer 2

Trial held against the the nazis for their crimes during wwii, established ethical research must prioritize the rights and welfare of the subject.

Question 3

Belmont report

Answer 3

dentifies basic ethical principles and guidelines that address ethical issues arising from the conduct of research with human subjects; respect, justice and beneficence

Question 4

Respect for persons and autonomy

Answer 4

person is free to chose without interference, seek informed, ongoing consent, protect those with developing impaired, or diminished autonomy

Question 5

Concern for welfare (beneficence)

Answer 5

minimize risk and maximize benefits, give participants enough info to assess risks or benefits with participating

Question 6

types of welfare

Answer 6

• physical,mental,spiritual health
• physical, economic, social circumstances
• Housing, employment, securit, family and community

Question 7

Justice and Moral status

Answer 7

• obligation to treat people fairly and equitably
• consideration that some groups are more vulnerable and accomadating to their needs
• inclusivity during the recruitment process

Question 8

criteria of institutional review board

Answer 8

1. minimization of risk
2. reasonable risk in relation to benefits
3. equitable selction
4. informed consent
5. documentation of informed consent
6. participant monitoring
7. privacy and confidentiality

Question 9

what are animals used for?

Answer 9

research, testing , teaching and training.

Question 10

what animals require ethical approval?

Answer 10

all vertebrates and cephalopods

Question 11

what animals do not require ethical approval?

Answer 11

invertebrates (except ceohalopods),dead animals no killed for protocol, eggs/embryos/fetuses.

Question 12

Regulation of animal ethics (federal)

Answer 12

canadian council of animal care (CCAC)

Question 13

Regulation of animal ethics (provincial)

Answer 13

Ministry of agriculture, food & rural affairs (OMAFRA)

Question 14

Animal Care Committee

Answer 14

each institution conducting animal researchhas a review board that approves all research, protects all animal welfare by ensuring research meets ethical criteria .

Question 15

ACC members

Answer 15

veterinarian, scientist, public member unaffiliated with institution, support staff

Question 16

Three Rs

Answer 16

reduction, refinement, replacement

Question 17

reduction

Answer 17

minimizing the nb of animals used consistent with scientific aims( ex: sharing results, careful design and analysis, imaging )

Question 18

refinement

Answer 18

minimising the pain,suffering , distress or lasting harm that research animals might experience (ex: imaging, better housing, better handling, pain relief, shorter experiments)

Question 19

replacement

Answer 19

avoiding or replacing the use of animals in areas where they would’ve been used (ex: math models, computer programs, using fruit flies, in vitro,human experiments)

Question 20

categories of invasiveness

Answer 20

all animal protocols must be assigned a category A-E that indicates the level of harm done to the animal

Question 21

Category A of invasiveness

Answer 21

experiments on most invertebrates(excluding cephalopods) or live isolates ex: tissue culture, eggs, single cell organisms

Question 22

category B of invasiveness

Answer 22

experiments that cause little to no stress or discomfort (ex:blood sampling, injection of material with no known adverse reaction)

Question 23

Milgram experiment

Answer 23

individual is repeatidily asked to shock another person by exp. lead;conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience.

Question 24

Category C

Answer 24

Experiments that cause minor stress or pain for short duration. ex: non lethal drug doses,minor procedures under anasthesia

Question 25

Category D

Answer 25

Experiments that cause moderate to severe distress and discomfort. ex: physical restraint for a long period of time, exposure to drugs that cause impairment

Question 26

Category E

Answer 26

Experiments that cause severe pain that is near or above pain
tolerance threshold in conscious, unanestetized animals. ex: induction of severe stress/shock, invasive surgical procedures