Research Ethics Flashcards
humans and animals
Ethical responsibilities
to ensure accurate and honest research conduct and report, to ensure dignity,welfare, and respect for both human and nonhuman subjects
numberg trial
Trial held against the the nazis for their crimes during wwii, established ethical research must prioritize the rights and welfare of the subject.
Belmont report
dentifies basic ethical principles and guidelines that address ethical issues arising from the conduct of research with human subjects; respect, justice and beneficence
Respect for persons and autonomy
person is free to chose without interference, seek informed, ongoing consent, protect those with developing impaired, or diminished autonomy
Concern for welfare (beneficence)
minimize risk and maximize benefits, give participants enough info to assess risks or benefits with participating
types of welfare
- physical,mental,spiritual health
- physical, economic, social circumstances
- Housing, employment, securit, family and community
Justice and Moral status
- obligation to treat people fairly and equitably
- consideration that some groups are more vulnerable and accomadating to their needs
- inclusivity during the recruitment process
criteria of institutional review board
- minimization of risk
- reasonable risk in relation to benefits
- equitable selction
- informed consent
- documentation of informed consent
- participant monitoring
- privacy and confidentiality
what are animals used for?
research, testing , teaching and training.
what animals require ethical approval?
all vertebrates and cephalopods
what animals do not require ethical approval?
invertebrates (except ceohalopods),dead animals no killed for protocol, eggs/embryos/fetuses.
Regulation of animal ethics (federal)
canadian council of animal care (CCAC)
Regulation of animal ethics (provincial)
Ministry of agriculture, food & rural affairs (OMAFRA)
Animal Care Committee
each institution conducting animal researchhas a review board that approves all research, protects all animal welfare by ensuring research meets ethical criteria .
ACC members
veterinarian, scientist, public member unaffiliated with institution, support staff
Three Rs
reduction, refinement, replacement
reduction
minimizing the nb of animals used consistent with scientific aims( ex: sharing results, careful design and analysis, imaging )
refinement
minimising the pain,suffering , distress or lasting harm that research animals might experience (ex: imaging, better housing, better handling, pain relief, shorter experiments)
replacement
avoiding or replacing the use of animals in areas where they would’ve been used (ex: math models, computer programs, using fruit flies, in vitro,human experiments)
categories of invasiveness
all animal protocols must be assigned a category A-E that indicates the level of harm done to the animal
Category A of invasiveness
experiments on most invertebrates(excluding cephalopods) or live isolates ex: tissue culture, eggs, single cell organisms
category B of invasiveness
experiments that cause little to no stress or discomfort (ex:blood sampling, injection of material with no known adverse reaction)
Milgram experiment
individual is repeatidily asked to shock another person by exp. lead;conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience.
Category C
Experiments that cause minor stress or pain for short duration. ex: non lethal drug doses,minor procedures under anasthesia
Category D
Experiments that cause moderate to severe distress and discomfort. ex: physical restraint for a long period of time, exposure to drugs that cause impairment
Category E
Experiments that cause severe pain that is near or above pain
tolerance threshold in conscious, unanestetized animals. ex: induction of severe stress/shock, invasive surgical procedures
