Vacular System Flashcards
Fetal Circulation—Anomaly
– the arterial duct system doesn’t close after
birth. This should be corrected early through a left intercostal incision
through the fourth intercostal space. The ductus is carefully isolated
and ligated
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Fetal Circulation—Congenital Defects
normal in calves and of no
clinical significance if found in necropsy
Patent Foramen Ovale
Fetal Circulation—Anomaly
the part of a calf’s aorta between the brachiocephalic
trunk and the entrance of the ductus arteriosus. It is normally smaller
than the rest of the aorta and the large ductus arteriosus. Do not
mistake the combined pulmonary trunk, the ductus arteriosus and the
descending aorta for an aorta coming out of the right ventricl
Aortic Isthmus
interference with the migration of the heart into the thorax, resulting in the heart being located somewhere other than the thorax (usually in the cervical region)
Ectopia Cordis
one type of ASD results when the
foramen ovale and second foramen overlap, allowing blood to
flow from left to right, resulting in poor oxygenation of blood
which can lead to cyanosis
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
the right instead of the left 4th
aortic arch becomes the aorta. The aorta is then on the right side
of the esophagus instead of the left. The aorta, ligamentum arteriosum and the base of the heart form a ring around the esophagus. This is the most common vascular ring anomaly. When a dog is weaned to solid food, large particles can’t get past this constriction and the animal regurgitates undigested food. The ligamentum arteriosum is surgically isolated, ligated twice, and cut between the two ligatures
Persistent right 4th aortic arch
the correct ventricles do not
match up with the correct outflow channels. This is fatal.
Transposition of the great vessels
– failure of the interventricular septum to close, involving the membranous part of the septum. The most common cardiac anomaly in large animals, it causes systolic murmur
Interventricular septal defect (VSD)
this developmental anomaly has four
components:
• Pulmonic stenosis
• The aorta over-rides both ventricles
• Ventricular septal defect
• Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
Tetralogy of Fallot
Acute compression of the heart due to fluid effusion or hemorrhage into the
pericardium.
Cardiac Tamponade
• An excessive production and concurrent retarded absorption of pericardial fluid, caused by pericarditis
Hydrops pericardii
are caused by the closing of the different valves
Heart Sound
causes a rise in ventricular pressure
and closure of the AV valves (1st heart sound) and opening of the
aortic and pulmonic valves
Ventricle Contraction (systole)
the AV valves open and
the aortic and pulmonic (semilunar) valves close (2nd heart
sound) due to back pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk
During ventricular relaxation (diastole)
contraction of the ventricles, occurs between the 1st
and 2nd heart sound
Systole
relaxation of the ventricles, occurs between the 2nd and 1st heart sounds
Diastole
caused by the closure of the AV valves
• 1st heart sounds (“lub”)
– caused by the closure of the semilunar
valves (aortic and pulmonic)
2nd heart sound (‘dub”)
LOCATION OF THE HEART
at the level of the 5th intercostal space
when the animal is standing in a normal position
Tip of the Olecranon
Or the puncta maxima; the spot on the thoracic wall where a
valve sound is loudest
• Put the stethoscope at the points listed below and move to find the PMI
• Pulmonic valve – left 3rd ICS at the level of olecranon (low)
• Aortic valve – left 4th ICS at the level of shoulder (high)
• Left AV valve – left 5th ICS at the level of the olecranon (low)
• Right AV valve – right 3rd – 4th ICS at the level of olecranon (low)
Point of Maximum Intensity (PMI)
Abnormal sounds caused by blood flow turbulence, due to valvular or nonvalvular problems
Heart MUrmurs
a sound due to a leaky or narrowed valve
Valvular Murmur
HOW TO IDENTIFY MURMURS
determine if the murmur is in systole or
diastole; then, find the PMI of the murmur to determine which valve is affectected
murmur – caused by turbulence due to
backflow through a valve not fully closed
Leaky Murmur
– a constriction of the opening
causing a turbulence past that opening
Narrowing Murmur
– occurs between the 1st and 2nd heart sounds, when the AV valves should be fully closed and the aortic and pulmonic valves open
• AV leaky (insufficiency) – systolic murmur (left AV insufficiency is the most
common)
• Aortic or pulmonic narrowing (stenosis) – systolic murmur (aortic stenosis is common)
Systolic Murmurs
occurs between the 2nd and 1st heart sounds when the aortic and pulmonic valves should be closed and the AV valves opened (AV stenosis or semilunar valve insufficiency)
Diastolic Murmurs
– diastolic murmur, very rare
AV narrowing (stenosis)
diastolic murmur, rare
Aortic or pulmonic leaking (insufficiency)
a failure of the fetal ductus
arteriosus (arterial duct) to close; the resulting murmur sounds like
a washing machine; it is continuous, thus systolic and diastolic
PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)
– failure of the opening (oval foramen) between two fetal atria to close
Interatrial septal defect (patent foramen ovale)
– failure of the interventricular
septum to close; it results in a systolic murmur heard loudest on the right side of the sternum
Interventricular septal defect (ISD)
Dirofilariasis
Heartworms
(nematodes – Dirofilaria immitis) of the dog
live in the right ventricle, causing a great strain on the right side of
the heart
Adult Roundworms
• Dirofilariasis
• Adult round worms (nematodes – Dirofilaria immitis) of the dog
live in the right ventricle, causing a great strain on the right side of the heart
• This results in enlargement of the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk
and pulmonary arteries due to increased pressure required to pump blood through the worm mass, thus, increasing the workload
Heartworm
is a common term for bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis.
• It is usually caused by the ingestion of a sharp, metallic object that pierces the
stomach wall and gains access to the heart.
Hardware Disease
In _______ the apex of the heart contacts the dome of the diaphragm, and the
reticulum in the abdominal cavity lies on the caudal side of the diaphragm.
Cattle
The contractions of this organ can cause these foreign bodies to penetrate
the adjacent diaphragm and the pericardial sac, resulting in an infection of
the sac called traumatic pericarditis, one manifestation of hardware disease
Reticulum
is usually prevented by administering a
magnet by mouth; the magnet, which tends to remain in the
reticulum, gathers swallowed metallic objects and prevents them
from migrating through the wall of the forestomach
Hardware Disease
Thoracic Aorta-Aortic Arch
dogs-arise separately; ungulates
(hooved animals)-arise by a short, common bicarotid trunk
Common Carotid Arteries
branches (vertebral, costocervical, deep
cervical, superficial cervical and internal thoracic) vary in their
origins between the species:
• Ruminant: the vertebral artery arises from the costocervical trunk, thus, the
subclavian arteries have only three branches
• Carnivores: the vertebral and the costocervical arteries arise separately,
thus, the subclavian arteries have four branches.
• Horse: the same as the dog on the right – four branches. On the left the
deep cervical artery arises from the subclavian, not the costocervical trunk
Subclavian Arteries
Arteries in the Head
in ungulates, the common origin of the two
common carotid arteries (in carnivores they arise separately)
Bicarotid Trunk
Arteries In the Head
in cats and ruminants the part outside the
skull degenerates
Internal Carotid Artery
Arteries in the Head
the common origin for the lingual and facial
artery in horses and ruminants (in the carnivores and pigs they
arise separately)
Linguofacial Trunk
Arteries in the Head
Site of pulse taking in horses
Facial Artery
Arteries-Thorax
In all species course in the caudal
aspects of the ribs. Therefore, an incision to open the thoracic wall (intercostal incision) is made in the middle of the intercostal spaces
Intercostal Vessels and Nerve
Horse – Digital Arteries – Thoracic
Limb
the main supply to the digits. Proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints
(fetlock) it divides into the digital arteries.
Medial palmar (second palmar common digital) artery
Horse – Digital Arteries – Thoracic
Limb
pass on the abaxial surface of the proximal
sesamoid bones and the flexor tendons
Medial and lateral digital (medial and lateral proper common
digital) arteries:
the distal continuation of the digital arteries after they enter the solar canal through the solar foramina
Terminal arch:
Ox – Arteries – Thoracic Limb
continues to the distal metacarpus where it
becomes the third palmar common digital artery
Median artery:
the continuation of the median artery on the medial
Common palmar digital artery III:
: the continuation of the third
common palmar digital artery on the axial sides of the third and
fourth digits
Axial palmar proper digital arteries
travels in the dorsal longitudinal
groove
Dorsal metacarpal artery III:
Most commonly and easily performed in the cephalic vein in the
dog.
• The cephalic and median cubital veins are held off by finger
pressure across the flexor surface of the elbow.
• A needle is then threaded into the cephalic or accessory
cephalic vein distally on the cranial aspect of the limb
Venipuncture
Abdominal Aorta
: reduced or absent in the horse. The caudal
artery is present as a branch of the caudal gluteal artery.
Median sacral artery
– continues ventral to caudal vertebra as
the median caudal artery. The accompanying medial caudal
vein (tail vein) is often used for collection of blood (“tail bleed”)
from adult cattle
Median sacral artery
a common site for an aneurysm
(bulging of the blood vessels) in the horse, caused by the
parasitic worm Strongylus vulgaris. Parasitic blockage of this artery
or its branches may cause colic
Cranial Mesenteric Artery
Abdominal Aorta – Celiac Artery
travel in the right and left longitudinal grooves of the rumen. Both can arise from the splenic artery
Ruminal Arteries
the vessels to the spleen must be
ligated close to the spleen along the hilus so the short gastric and
left gastroepiploic arteries are not compromised
Splenectomy in the Carnivores
when opening the stomach of a dog, cut between the two curvatures to avoid the major blood vessels
Gastrotomy
open the dorsal sac above the longitudinal
groove, there by avoiding its arteries
Rumenotomy
Abdominal Aorta – Cranial and
Caudal mesenteric Arteries
the ascending colon to be the right colon and divided into two parts. Considered the transverse colon ‘’the middle colon’’
and the descending colon ‘’the left colon’’. Then name the arteries supplying
the second part of the right colon, the middle colon and the left colon the
right, middle and left colic arteries, respectively. This leaves the first part of the
AC which is supplied by colic branch. This simplification works for all domestic
species.
Memory Aid
Abdominal Aorta – Cranial and Caudal
mesenteric Arteries
removal of piece of jejunum and the
reconnection between the cut ends. Cut
the antimesenteric side shorter than the
mesenteric side to keep the vasculature
from being compromised
• Intestinal resection and anastomoses:
Abdominal Aorta – External and
Internal Iliac Arteries
• Uterine artery: branches off various arteries:
• Vaginal artery in the carnivores
• External iliac artery in the horse
• Umbilical artery in the ruminants. The horse and the ruminants also have the
uterine branch of the vaginal artery.
External and Internal Iliac Arteries –
Clinical
ligated before the body of the uterus is ligated and removed in the carnivores (spay).
Uterine Arteries
a blood clot at the termination of the aorta
seen in cats. This can block the external iliac arteries and result in lameness, paresis, or paralysis of the hind limbs
Saddle Thrombi
Ruminant - Species Differences
another name for the superficial
caudal epigastric in the ruminants and mare
Cranial Mammary Artery
Ruminant - Species Differences
the ventral labial arteries in the cow
and mare.
Caudal mammary artery
common names for the satellite vein (superficial caudal and cranial epigastric) of the superficial epigastric arteries in the ruminant
Milk Vein
Arteries – Pelvic Limb – Dog – Clinical
the many different blood vessels supplying
the pelvic limb allow ligation (tying off) of the femoral artery without permanent ill effects in the healthy dogs.
Collateral Circulation
Arteries – Pelvic Limb – Dog – Clinical
can be palpated in the femoral artery in the femoral triangle along the medial thigh of the dog and cat. This is also a convenient site for catherization for angiocardiography due to its superficial position
Pulse
Arteries – Pelvic Limb – Horse
the continuation of the dorsal pedal artery, and the main supply distal to the tarsus. It runs distally on the dorsolateral side of the
metacarpus in a groove between the cannon and the lateral splint (MT III and IV). Halfway down the metatarsus it passes between the cannon and lateral splint as the distal perforating branch to reach the plantar surface of the limb. It then branches into lateral and medial digital arterie
Great metatarsal artery” or dorsal metatarsal artery III
Arteries – Pelvic Limb – Horse
continuations of the great metatarsal artery (distal perforating branch) on the sides of the digits similar to the forelimb.
Medial and lateral (proper) digital arteries
eceives an S shaped anastomosis from the caudal tibial artery and then branches into
lateral and medial plantar arteries at the tarsus. A deep branch of the lateral plantar artery joins with the perforating tarsal artery to form the deep plantar arch, plantar metatarsal arteries arise
from the deep plantar arch. Both plantar and metatarsal arteries contribute to the digital arteries by joining the digital arteries or the distal perforating artery of the great metatarsal artery
Caudal branch of the saphenous artery
