2- INTERGUMENTARY Flashcards
Types of Hair
Guard hair
Wool hair
Tylotrich haie
Long Hair
Bristles
The hair type of
the fleece of sheep
Wool hairs
large hair
follicles are rapidly adapting
mechanoreceptors
Tylotrich hair
the long hair of the
horse –forelock, mane, tail and “feathers”
(behind the fetlock)
Long (horse) hair
the hair coat of the pig
Bristles
(eyelashes)
Cilia
(hairs of the nostrils)
vibrissa
(hair of the submandibular
region ) of the goat
Beard
Lacks guard hairs so that the fleece is soft and curly,
made up of long fine hairs
Wool of sheep
acquired from sheep (merino and
rambouillet)
Commercial wool
lanolin (wool grease/wool wax)
a product of cutaneous sebaceous glands
This animal has compound hair follicles with single
primary hair and a group of smaller
secondary hairs
Dog
Animal that has a single hair follicle
Horses and cattle
Animal that has single follicles grouped in clusters
Pig
Animal that has single follicle with primary guard hair
surrounded by clusters of compound
follicles
Cat
hoof pads or bulbs are
comparable to the digital pads of
carnivores
Ruminant
at medial canthus of eye,
larger in rams than in ewes; used for marking
Infraorbital Pouches
– on the midline above the hoofs between the digits of all four feet; used as trail markers
Interdigital Pouches
near the base of the udder or scrotum
Inguinal Pouches
Sebaceous Glands in Farm Animals:
In Goats:
caudal to the base of the horn, secretion is increased during breeding season and
especially pungent in bucks
Horn glands
Sebaceous Glands in Farm Animals:
In goats:
two glands below the tail responsible for the bucks characteristic smell
Sub-caudal glands
Sebaceous Glands in Farm Animals
In Pigs
on the mediopalmar aspect
of the carpus; Produce sexual pheromones,
marking the sow during mating
Carpal Glands
Sebaceous Glands in Farm Animals (pigs)
wart-like skin eminence on the chin; has both tactile and secretory (marking) function
Mental (chin) glands
Sebaceous Glands in Farm Animals (pigs)
in all domestic
species; in the wall of the external auditory
canal; produce “ear wax” which protects
the tympanic membrane from foreign bodies
Ceruminous glands
only in cats; in
the skin around the mouth esp the lower lip;
called “cleaning glands” but functional
significance is probably for marking
Circumoral/perioral glands
secretions mix with
degenerated cells to form a substance
called smegma in horses
Preputial glands
predominant in man
► Restricted in the footpads of carnivores, frog of
the horse, nasolabial region of ruminants and
swine, and carpus of pig
► Function relates to territorial markings and
thermoregulation
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
predominates in
domestic species
► Distributed throughout the skin, ducts open
into hair follicles
Apocrine sweat glands
is the only farm animals that sweat readily
and sweats the most (“lathering up”), cat and dog the
least
Horse
Cow
► Planum nasolabiale
Planum nasale
Sheep
Planum nasale
pig (all hairless area of the nose)
are sensitive to circulating
epinephrine
Equine sweat glands
is rich in protein and will foam when
agitated by working muscles
Equine sweat
What does the term ‘udder’ designate?
The term ‘udder’ designates all the mammae in ruminants and the horse (sometimes in sow).
What are ‘quarters’ in relation to the bovine udder?
‘Quarters’ are the four parts of the bovine udder, each associated with one teat; all four quarters are completely separated from each other.
What is the intermammary groove?
The intermammary groove is the external indication of the separation of the two halves of the udder.
Mammary Glands – Species Differences
Position :
Thoracic
Man, monkey and elephants
Mammary Glands – Species Differences
► Position:
► Thoracoabdominal :
Cat
Mammary Glands – Species
Differences
► Position:
►Thoracoabdominoinguinal
Dog and pig
Mammary Glands – Species
Differences
► Position:
► Inguinal :
Horse and ruminant
usually 10 mammae; 5 (4-6) mammary
complexes on each side separated by an intermammary
groove
Bitch
8 mammae, four on each side of the ventral
adominal wall
Queen
14 (10-18) mammae; seven on each side
Sow
4 mammae, Two (quarters) on each side, all bound together to form an udder
Cow
2 mammae forming a pendulous
udder
Goat and sheep
2 mammae forming a small udder
Mare
extra teats may or may not be connected to primary
mammary gland tissue in both male and females
Accessory teats or supernumerary teats (polythelia)
teats; usually have the same number as
females
Males
– extra mammae
Polymastia
the mammary secretion in the first few
days after parturition; with essential nutrients and
immunoglobulins; also has laxative effect to
stimulate the expulsion of the neonates first stool
(meconium)
Colostrum
– inflammation of the mammary gland
Mastitis
– the complete emptying of a quarter; done before treating the infected quarter
Milking out
hoofed animals, farm animals fall in this category;
Artiodactyls –. even–toed ungulates;
Perisodactyls –odd–toed ungulates
Ungulates
divided into the wall, sole and frog
The horny epidermis covering the digits
distal end
What is the wall of a horse’s hoof?
The visible part of the standing horse’s hoof.
What is the toe in relation to a horse’s hoof?
The dorsal part of the wall.
What are the quarters of a horse’s hoof?
The medial and lateral wall parts.
What are the heels in a horse’s hoof?
The palmar/plantar aspect of the wall.
What are the bars of a horse’s hoof?
The extension of the wall from the back of the foot towards the toe; seen on either side of the frog from the ground surface.
What is the sole of a horse’s hoof?
A concave surface facing the ground between the frog and the walls; medial and lateral angles of the sole are located between the bars and quarters.
the wedge-shaped structure between the sole,
bars and bulbs; it points towards the toe; often
called the “heart of the horse foot” bec its
compression forces blood out of the foot back
towards the body; homologous with digital pads of
other species
Frog
just proximal and palmar/plantar to the frog
Bulbs
the junction of the hoof and the skin
Coronet
junction bet wall and sole
on the ground surface of foot; external indication of
the sensitive internal structures; landmark in horse shoeing
White line or white zone
