3-Osteo Flashcards by Ella Lujan

in growing bone is easily fractured

Physis –

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can be harvested surgically and moved
to a fracture site to aid in repair;

Cancellous bone

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► sources of cancellous bone are:

► 1. Tibial tuberosity,
► 2. Greater tubercle of humerus,
► 3. greater trochanter of femur,
► 4. wing of the ilium

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The Axial Skeleton consist
of:

► Skull
► Vertebrae
► Sternum
► Ribs

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The skull, excluding the hyoid bone and the mandible, is
considered as being a long, four- sided pyramid.
This pyramid has the following surfaces:

⚫ Dorsal
⚫ Two lateral
⚫ Ventral

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is considered as being a long, four- sided pyramid.

The skull,

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only in horse and cat; between two
parietal bones rostral to the occipital bone;
► in other species, it is present in the fetus then fuse with
surrounding bones before birth

Interparietal bone

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forms the entire roof of the cranium in ox and pig

Frontal bone

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splanchnic bone in the nose of pigs

Rostral bone –

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complete in the horse and ruminants, incomplete in the
carnivores but is completed by the orbital ligament

Bony orbit –

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only in horses; the ridge on the lateral surface of the face

Facial crest

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in ruminants, the process on the lateral surface of the
face

Facial tuberosity –

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the process of the frontal
bone of horned ruminants that is enclosed by
the horn

Cornual process

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in ruminants, has been
pushed to the lateral side of the skull by the frontal bone

Temporal fossa

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in ruminants and pigs
► is the joining of the round and orbital
foramina of other species

Foramen orbitorotundum

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are
large air spaces which communicate
directly or indirectly with the nasal
cavity.

paranasal sinuses of the skull

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Paranasal Sinuses

(4) _____: maxillary, frontal,
sphenopalatine, ethmoidal

Horse

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Paranasal Sinuses

(5) ______: frontal, palatomaxillary,
lacrimal, sphenoidal, conchal

Cattle

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Paranasal Sinuses

(5) ___: frontal, maxillary, lacrimal,
sphenoidal, conchal

Pig

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Paranasal Sinuses

(3) ___: maxillary recess, frontal,
sphenoidal

Dog

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Maxillary sinus
The maxillary sinus is the largest among the sinuses in
horses. It is divided by an oblique septum into:

⚫ Rostral compartment
⚫ Caudal compartment.

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is the largest among the sinuses in
horses.

The maxillary sinus

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The maxillary sinus of Cattle has three openings

⚫ Into lacrimal sinus
⚫ Into palatine sinus
⚫ Into middle nasal meatus.

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has maxillary recess between the
area of the maxillary bones, not inside
the maxillary bone

Dog

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has two maxillary sinuses separated by a bony septum, the rostral maxillary sinus and the caudal maxillary sinus

Horse

have single maxillary sinus

Pig and ruminants

paper thin caudal extent of the maxillary sinus in the ruminants

Lacrimal bulla

in the dorsal part of the skull, between the orbits in the horse, small ruminants and carnivores ► In the ox and pigs, it extends to the back of the skull ► in ruminants it has a number of diverticula besides the cornual diverticulum

Frontal sinus

in horses, the joined frontal and dorsal conchal sinus

Conchofrontal sinus

in the horse, the large opening between the caudal maxillary sinus and frontal sinus

Frontomaxillary opening

the direct continuation of the frontal sinus into the cornual process in horned ruminants

Cornual diverticulum

is very large. It involves nearly all the frontal bone and a large part of the posterior wall of the cranium.

Frontal sinus

is divided into one major and one to four minor compartments. Each compartment has an anterior outlet into the ethmoidal meatus and thus indirectly into the middle nasal meatus.

Cavity

the drilling of holes (trephine holes) into the paranasal sinus

Trephination

all but the last upper cheek teeth can be removed through the trephined holes in the maxillary sinuses

Horse

trephination of the four compartments frontal sinus

of the frontal sinus is often opened in dehorning and thus a possible entrance for inflammation (sinusitis)

Cornual diverticulum

inflammation of the paranasal sinuses; trephination may be used to drain the infection

Sinusitis

situated between the vertical parts of the rami of the mandibles. It is attached on either side to the styloid process of the petrous temporal bone by rods of cartilage.

The hyoid bone

The Hyoid Apparatus The hyoid bone is situated between the vertical parts of the rami of the mandibles. It is attached on either side to the styloid process of the petrous temporal bone by rods of cartilage. It supports the following structures:

⚫ Root of the tongue ⚫ Pharynx ⚫ Larynx

Hyoid bone presents:

⚫ A body ⚫ Lingual process ⚫ Three pairs of cornua thyroid cornua (thyrohyoids) small cornua (keratohyoids) great cornua

The vertebral column is subdivided into five regions:

► Cervical ► Thoracic ► Lumbar ► Sacral ► Caudal

The number of vertebrae in each region except the last is more or less_______ for each animal.

constant

A typical vertebra is described as having:-

► Body ► Arch ► Processes; ► Articular ► Transverse ► Spinous

Alar foramen is a notch.

Dog -

Transverse foramen is absent. The wings of the sheep atlas project posteriorly.

Cattle/Sheep -

Transverse foramen is positioned in the posterior border of wing.

Pig -

In Scapula absent in horse and pig

Acromion

In scapula a bony enlargement of the scapular spine found in the horse and pig (poorly developed in the cat and ox)

In scapula It is a narrow band in the dog; broad thin structure in horse, ruminants and pigs

Scapular cartilage

Part of the Scapula – in cat; caudal projection of acromion; distal end of spine can be called the acromion or hamate (L. hooked) process

Suprahamate process

► Forms a joint with the scapula in birds and higher primates ► but in quadrupeds it is represented by clavicular tendon, a connective tissue band within the brachiocephalicus muscle

Clavicle

, a connective tissue band within the brachiocephalicus muscle

clavicular tendon

vertebrae can be recognized by the fact that they are:- ► Massive and quadrangular, ► Longer than vertebrae in other regions,

Cervical Vertebrae

vertebrae have as regional characters:- ► Facet for articulation with the ribs, ► Long spinous processes.

Thoracic

vertebrae have as regional characters:- ⚫ Short bodies, ⚫ Expanded transverse processes.

Lumbar

vertebrae are fused to form a single bone. Generally the sacrum is described as having:- ⚫ Two surfaces, ⚫ Two borders, ⚫ A base, ⚫ An apex.

Sacral Vertebrae

The Atlas This animal has Three foramina are present: 1. Intervertebral 2. Alar 3. Transverse

Horse

In the Atlas This animal’s Alar foramen is a notch.

Dog

The Atlas This animal’s Transverse foramen is absent. The wings of the sheep atlas project posteriorly.

Cattle/Sheep

The Atlas This animal’s Transverse foramen is positioned in the posterior border of wing.

Pig

The 6th cervical of horse has a ______ transverse process. ► The 6th transverse process of the other animals has a well- developed ventral plate

Trifid

► Single transverse process, ► Absence of transverse foramen, ► Facet on either side of posterior body for head of 1st rib.

7th Cervical

The Thoracic Caudal thoracics have an additional process-__________

Mammillary Process

The Thoracic _______ has no posterior costal facets.

Last Thoracic

The thoracic vertebra with the most vertical oriented spine, usually the 11th in the dog;

Anticlinal Vertebrae

this is often the landmark in reading radiographs of the thorax or back

Anticlinal Vertebrate

Lumbar In Horses A characteristic of Equidae is that the transverse processes of lumbars 4, 5 and 6 _______________________________________________

articulate with each other and sometimes fused with each other

Sacrum It is unfused in horse and carnivores

Spinous Process

Sacrum It has a fused sacral spinal process in ruminants

Median Sacral Crest

are described as having:- ► A shaft, ► Two extremities ► sternal and vertebral. ► The vertebral extremity presents the head, neck and tubercle.

Ribs

articulates with the body of vertebra of same serial number and that of the one in front.

Head of a rib

articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same serial numbe

Tubercle of a rib

Last pair of rib that is only found in dogs

Floating Rib

Rib of this animal has a Narrow shaft, strongly curved in dorsal third.

Horse

Rib of this animal has Wide, flat shaft, long neck.

Cattle/Sheep

Rib of this animal has a Narrow shaft, distinct angle.

Pig

Rib of this animal has a cylindrical shaft

Dog

is distinguished by the fact that it is the shortest

First Rib

Part of the rib that widens greatly at the sternal extremity.

End of the shaft

A common feature of the 1st rib is the

Scalene Tubercle

a small projection that runs along the medial border of the first rib between two grooves

Scalene Tubercle