8-RESPIRATORY Flashcards
opens externally at the nostrils, or external nares. It communicates behind with the naso-pharynx through the posterior nares
Nasal Cavity
is common to the passage of food as well as air
Pharynx
is the organ of voice. It also regulates the passage of air to and from the lungs
The larynx
are permanently patent
conducting tubes
The trachea and bronchi
Ventilate the body
Lungs
is a cylindrical passage enclosed by all the bones of the face except the mandible
nasal cavity
project from the lateral walls and divide each half into:
dorsal nasal meatus,
Middle nasal meatus ,
ventral nasal meatus.
dorsal and ventral turbinate bones
Is the only direct passage between the nostrils and the pharynx
Ventral Nasal Meatus
Is situated between the nasal septum and turbinate bones. It is continuous laterally with the other three meatuses
Common Nasal Meatus
SPECIES DIFFERENCES
Deep in carnivores and small ruminants;
Shallow or absent in pig, ox and horse
Philtrum
SPECIES DIFFERENCES
the hairless region of the most rostral
parts of the nose; no sebaceous gland instead has numerous sweat glands that keep the nostrils moist; it has grooves and bumps that are distinctive and allow nose prints to be used for positive individual identification
Planum nasale in sheep , goat and dogs
Planum rostrale in pigs
Planum nasolabiale in cows
Absent in horses, instead covered with short, fine
hairs
PLANUM
SPECIES DIFFERENCES
The a blind-ended passage through the horse nostrils into a blind cutaneous pouch lateral to the true nasal cavity; aids in passive dilation of the nostrils during vigorous ventilation
When “tubing” a horse, a thumb placed in the diverticulum will aid in directing the tube into the ventral nasal meatus
NASAL DIVERTICULUM
SPECIES DIFFERENCES
The bone in the nose of a pig to help it “root
ROSTAL BONE
passage of nasal tube through the nasal
cavity, pharynx and esophagus to the stomack; the tube must pass through the ventral nasal meatus
TUBING
A common soft tissue conduit for food and air, lying caudal to the oral and nasal cavities.
PHARYNX
Tubes drain from the middle ear to the nasopharynx.
The pharyngotympanic, or auditory
It helps equalize the pressure within the middle ear with atmospheric pressure.
NASOPHARYNX
In horses, are paired ventral diverticulae of the eustachian (auditory) tubes
guttural pouches
is a cartilaginous valvular
apparatus which connects the pharynx and
the trachea. It has three functions:
to regulate air volume in respiration,
to prevent aspiration of foreign bodies,
to act as the organ of phonation (vocalization)
hence, its common name, voice box
LARYNX
spade shaped lies just caudal to the base of the tongue is mostly elastic cartilage; during deglutition, movements of the tongue and larynx fold the epiglottis caudad so that it covers the entrance into the larynx
Epiglottic cartilage (Epiglottis) -
signet ring shaped with
broad dorsal portion
CRICOID CARTILAGE
ventral projection to which is
attached the vocal ligament (vocal cord)
VOCAL PROCESS
lateral process; point of
insertion of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx esp. dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscle
MUSCULAR PROCESS
The rostral horn process; absent in cats
Corniculate Process
The cavity of the larynx has the following four division:-
the entrance or pharyngeal aperture. Bounded in front by epiglottis; behind by corniculate process of arytenoids; laterally by aryepiglottic folds.
Laryngeal Opening
laterally has ventricular fold and lateral
fold which leads into laryngeal saccule
Vestibule
slit – like gap bounded
on either side by vocal cords/ligaments.
Glottic cleft (Rima glottidis)
posterior compartment continuous with tract
Infraglottic cavity
occupies thyroid notch.
Crico-thyroid membrane -
- connects body of thyroid with body and cornua of hyoid.
Thyro-hyoid membrane
from oral surface of epiglottis to body of hyoid.
Hyo-epiglottic ligament -
from base of and epiglottis to body and medial surface of laminae and thyroid
Thyro-epiglottic ligament
Connects bases of arytenoids
Transverse Arytenoids
From vocal processes of arytenoids to body of thyroid
Vocal Ligament
from cuneiform
process to lateral surface vocal process.
Ventricular Ligament
connects cricoid with 1st tracheal ring
Crico tracheal membrane
abduct vocal folds to
open the glottis
Dorsal cricoarytenoideus
closes the rima
Lateral cricoarytenoideus
assists in closing of rima;
the only UNPAIRED m.
Transverse arytenoideus-
constrict/close glottis
Thyroarytenoideus -
tenses the vocal cords
Cricothyroideus -
closes the rima and relaxes the vocal
folds
Ventricularis-
- closes rima and relaxes vocal folds
Vocalis
constrict/close glottis
Hyoepiglotticus
a condition in horses; Paralysis of the muscle that abducts the arytenoid cartilages and thereby increases the diameter of the airway (the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle)
Laryngeal Hemiplegia or Roaring –
inflammation of the larynx
Laryngitis
placement of endotracheal tube into
the larynx and trachea
Intubation
Ventral laryngotomy in the horse
Opening the larynx
is a cartilaginous and membranous
tube which extends from the caudal end of the larynx to the hilus of the lungs where it divides into the left and right bronchi.
Formed by a series of C-shaped tracheal rings composed of hyaline cartilage. They are joined to one another by elastic annular ligaments
Trachea
Surgical opening of the trachea from the outside of the upper neck
Tracheostomy
eventually branches
into several alveolar ducts, which terminate in clusters of air sacs, the alveoli; It is here that the exchange of gases with the blood takes place.
Bronchioles
Some terminal bronchioles have alveoli in their walls, hence are
Respiratory Bronchioles
The ruminants and pig have an additional. arising cranial to
the principal bronchi; it supplies the cranial lobe of the right lun
tracheal bronchus or the third bronchus
are paired structures which
occupy the greater part of thoracic cavity.
They accurately molded to the walls of the
cavity and to the neighboring organs.
LUNGS
The site for directing a needle into the heart (cardiac puncture) without piercing the lung tissue
CARDIAC NOTCH
The act of striking a part with short
sharp blows and listening for the sound made.
This can aid in diagnosing the condition of the underlying parts.
PERCUSSION
Listening to air passing
through airways of the lungs with a stethoscope.
AUSCULTATION
Abnormal sound of lung with intermittent explosive sounds
Discontinuous crackles
It is caused by air passing through narrowed airways
Continuous wheezes
Animal with normal lung sounds that are harsher and louder than in the horse
Ox
It is a restricted area due to the thoracic limb
Auscultation triangle
Boundaries of auscultation: Cranially
Caudal border of the triceps brachii
Boundaries of auscultation: Dorsally
Epaxial muscle or line from caudal angle of scapula to tuber coxae or attachment of ribs to vertebral column
Boundaries of auscultation: Caudoventrally
Curved line from the olecranon to next to last intercostal space
Surgical puncture of the chest wall for drainage of fluid
Pleurocentesis
Other term for pleurocentesis
Thoracocentesis
It is performed in the dependent or lowest point on the standing animal
Pleurocentesis
Area of puncture for Ox
6th or 7th Intercostal space above the costochondral junction
Puncture area of horse
7th intercostal space above superficial thoracic (spur) vein
Surgical opening of thoracic cavity
Thoracotomy
Splitting of the sternum
Mediastinotomy
Removal of a lung lobe
Lobectomy
Two common indications for lobectomy
Trauma and neoplasia
It must be done craniodorsal to the basal border of the lung
Lung biopsy
Three parts of pleura
Parietal, Mediastinal and Pulmonary
Subserous tissue or Parietal pleura that covers the thoracic wall
Endothoracic fascia
Line of reflection where costal parietal pleura turns vertebrally to become mediastinal pleura
Vertebral
Line of reflection where costal parietal pleura turns dorsally to become mediastinal pleura
Sternal
Line of reflection where the parietal pleura is reflected onto the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic
Space formed at the mid-line by the apposition of right and left pleural membranes
Mediastinum
It contains the trachea and esophagus
Precardial Mediastinum
A broad unpaired muscle which forms a partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Diaphragm
Part of diaphragm with cartilages of ribs 8,9,10.
Costal part
Diaphragm part with the upper part of the xiphoid
Sternal part
Opening that transmits to the esophagus and esophageal branch of gastric artery
Esophageal hiatus
It transmits the vena cava
Caval foramen
Air or gas in the pleural space
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of pus in the thoracic cavity
Pyothorax
