5-Arthrology Flashcards
Types of Joints
– Synarthroses - fibrous
– Diarthroses - synovial
– Ampiarthroses - cartilaginous
Joints united by fibrous tissue, cartilage or
a mixture of the two. Often termed immovable joints.
Synarthroses
applied to the joints of the skull where the
adjacent margins of the bones are interlocked.
Sutures
Where the uniting medium is elastic
tissue, white fibrous tissue or mixture – attachments of costal cartilages to each other. Intercarpal joints
Syndesmosis
found between the tooth and the alveolar
sockets
Gomphosis
cartilaginous joint”, Joints which have
both synarthrodial and diarthrodial features – intercentral vertebral joints.
Ampiarthroses:
permits limited movement such as
compression, stretching and bending
Cartilaginous
cartilage with fibrocartilage or a combination of two hyaline cartilage and fibrous cartilage
hayaline cartilage
where the uniting medium is
cartilage - sphenoid and basilar occipital joint. Very few synchondroses are permanent. Cartilage becomes ossified making synostoses. Intersternal joints
Synchondrosis
applied to joints in the median plane.
The uniting medium is generally ossified cartilage and
fibrous tissue – symphysis pelvis, mandibular joints
Symphysis
“true joints”,
are those which possess
the following features:
– a synovial joint cavity
– a joint capsule with synovial membrane and synovial fluid
– Articular cartilage
– Mobility
Diarthroses
Movable joints are classified on the form of the joint surfaces and
the movements which these surfaces allow. There are four chief
classes:
(1) Ginglymus - hinge joint, elbow.
(2) Arthrodia - gliding joint, intercarpals.
(3) Trochoid- pivot joint, atlanto-axial
(4) Enarthrosis - ball and socket joint, hip
diarthrodial joints
– Between ramus of mandible and squamous temporal bone on
either side.
– Type: Diarthrodial
– Movements: (1) Rotation
(2) Gliding
(3) Retraction
(4) Protrusion
(5) Hinge action
TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT
surfaces are rendered congruent by an
articular disc.
The Articular Surface
Movable vertebrae form two separate articulations:
Vertebrae
Vetebral Joints
-Between the bodies
Intercentral
Vertebral Joints
-Between the articular processes
Interneural
Vetebral Joints
-are imparthroses, the uniting media being ligaments and fibro cartilaginous disct
Intercentral articulations
are diarthroses peculiar to Equidae. They occur between the transverse processes of 5th and 6th lumbar, and between the latter and the wings of the sacrum
Intertransverse Articulations
Atlanto-occipital Joint
is diarthrodial with ginglymus
filament (movement
Atlanto-occipital Articulation
Is diarthridial with trochoid filament (movement)
Atlanto-axial articulation
RIBS
between the head of the rib and the two
adjacent bodies of the vertebrae
Costo-central
RIBS
between the facet on the rib tubercle and
the transverse process of the vertebra of the same numbe
Costo-transverse
The joints between the ribs and rib cartilage are synarthroses.
–In ox and sheep the 2nd to the 11th_________________ junctions
are diarthroses.
–In Pig the 2nd to the 5th are diarthroses
Costo-chondral
–Between the cartilages of the sternal ribs and the
sternum. They are diarthroses.
–In the horse the 1st pair of ribs articulates in a common
joint capsule.
–There are two important ligaments concerned with this
joint:
• Internal-sternal proper
• Radiate costo-sternal.
Chondro-sternal
The joints between the sternal
segments commence as synchondroses, becoming ossified
as synostoses.
Intersternal
THORACIC LIMB ARTICUALTIONS
Between head of the humerus and
glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Shoulder
THORACIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
Between distal humerus and proximal
radius and ulna.
–Type: Diarthrodial
–Class: Ginglymus - Hinge
–Movement: Flexion and extension.
Elbow
THORACIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
A composite joint between:
• (1)Distal radius and ulna (only radius in the Horse) and proximal carpals.
• (2)Intercarpal.
• (3)Distal carpals and proximal metacarpals.
–Type: Diarthrodial
–Class: Ginglymus and anthrodial
–Movement: Flexion and Extension between the radius and
ulna and proximal carpals. The same between distal carpals
CARPAL
THORACIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
Between distal metacarpals (metacarpus in
the case of the Horse), proximal 1st phalanx and proximal
sesamoids.
–Type: Diarthrodial
–Class: Ginglymus, arthrodial – hinge gliding
–Movements:Flexion and extension. Gliding in the case
of sesamoids.
FETLOCK
THORACIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
Between distal 1st phalanx and proximal 2nd phalanx.
– Type: Diarthrodial
– Class: Ginglymus. Hinge
– Movements: Flexion and extension (limited)
PASTERN
THORACIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
Between 2nd and 3rd phalanges and navicular bone.
– Type: Diarthrodial
– Class: Ginglymus. hinge
– Movements: Flexion and extension
COFFIN JOINT
PELVIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
Between the auricular surfaces of ilium and sacrum.
–Type: Diarthrodial
–Class: Arthrodial
Between the auricular surfaces of ilium
–Movements:A small amount of gliding.
SACRO – ILIAC
PELVIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
Between head of femur and acetabulum.
– Type: Diarthrodial
– Class: Enarthrosis
– Movements: All those of a typical ball and socket joint.
HIP
PELVIC LIMB ARTICULATION
STIFLE
–_____________between the trochlea of the femur and the
patella.
(1) Femoro-patellar
PELVIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
STIFLE
– (2) Femoro-tibial between the condyles of the femur, proximal tibia
Femoro-tibial
PELVIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
– Type: Diarthrodial
– Class: Arthrodial
– Movement: Gliding
FEMORO-PATTELAR
PELVIC LIMB ARTICULATIONS
Type: Diarthrodial
– Class: Ginglymus
– Movements: Flexion and extension
• Points to note: The joint capsule has two synovial sacs
FEMORO-TIBIAL
TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT IN DOGS
• A composite joint of three separate articulations:
– Tibio-tarsal
– Intertarsal,
– Tarso-metatarsal
• Type: Diarthrodial.
• Class: Ginglymus
• Movements: Flexion and extension. Other movements are negligible
Hock
