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Immunology > Vaccines and their use > Flashcards

Vaccines and their use Flashcards

1
Q

Immunocastration is and used for

A

(Vaccine for neutering)
Vaccine for pigs against GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Contains GnRH linked to a carrier to stimulate an immune reaction
Antibodies bind to animals GnRH, block its activity, so no FSH or LH produced to stimulate the testes
Two dose, starting at 12 weeks
Accidental injection of self
No risk for first occasion

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2
Q

Core vaccines are used for

A

For severe, common, diseases
Effective vaccine available
Risk of adverse ration is small
Benefit of vaccination very likely to exceed risks

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3
Q

Non core vaccines depend on

A

Location
Spikes in the disease

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4
Q

Systemic vaccine administration is

A

most common method of administration
IM or SQ

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5
Q

Systemic vaccine administration advantages

A

Reliable administration of vaccine
Systemic (IgG) immunity

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6
Q

Systemic vaccine administration disadvantages

A

Need a needle
No (little) IgA immunity

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7
Q

Systemic vaccine administration precautions

A

Clean bottle cap
New needle and syringe for each animal

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8
Q

Mucosal vaccination administration is

A

IN
Orally (buccal)

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9
Q

Mucosal vaccination administration advantags

A

Local and systemic immunity
IgG and IgA
No needle

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10
Q

Mucosal vaccination administration disadvantages

A

Head restraint
Variable vaccine administration
Usually need a MLV

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11
Q

Most vaccine schedules

A

Primary dose
Secondary
Typically 21-28 days later
Maximal immunity about 2-3 weeks later
Live vaccines or depot vaccines may only require one injection
Reactivation (booster)
1-3 years later

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12
Q

How does the body react after a priming dose of vaccination

A

Initially no antibody
Antigen has to be phagocytosed by dendritic cells and presented to lymphocytes
Lymphocytes multiple
Make memory cells
Some become plasma cells
Produce which antibody
IgM

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13
Q

How does maternal antibodies affect vaccination

A

Passive antibody often prevents successful vaccination of very young animals
Maternal antibody degrades about 50% every 2 weeks
Neonates can be given multiple ‘priming’ vaccinations

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14
Q

When would you vaccinate puppies and kittens

A

Neonates can be given multiple ‘priming’ vaccinations
Puppies and kittens
8,12,16 weeks
Allows you to catch patient when antibody status is low and vaccine will be effective
Or delay until all antibody gone
Puppies and kittens
In most cases cholesterol immunoglobulin has disappeared by 12 weeks of age
Rabies given after 12 weeks

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15
Q

When to give foals and calves vaccines if you only want to do one dose

A

> 6 months

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16
Q

Why would a vaccination fail

A

Incorrect storage or administration
Inability to respond

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17
Q

Why would a vaccine fail to make a response within the body

A

Cholesterol antibody (neutralizes vaccine)
Genetic differences
Immune suppression
Parasites
Malnourished
Viral infections
Vaccinating at the time of neuter doe NOT alter response in kittens

18
Q

High antibody levels are associated with

A

Strongly antigenic vaccines
Small dogs
First vaccination as a younger adult (3-4 years of age)
Certain breeds

19
Q

What is the chance of having a vaccine reaction

A

Survey >1 000 000 vaccinated dogs
Adverse reactions: 0.4%
Most on day of vaccination
Risk higher if
Small dog
Multiple vaccines give
Repeated vaccination
Neutered dog

20
Q

Common adverse vaccine reactions

A

Lethargy/fever
Inflammation at injection site
Inappetence
Pruritus
GI signs- vomiting and diarrhea
Hives or facial swelling

21
Q

Pain at the time of injection

A

Mild discomfort is to be expected
Problem if severe
Pain at time of injection
May bite vaccinator
Discomfort to pet
Struggling may increase tissue destruction and increase pain and inflammation
Reduce by considerate handling, environment, rewards and distraction

22
Q

Inflammation after a vaccine injection is and occurs when

A

Inflammation following vaccination (1-7 days)
Warmth, swelling, edema, (fever)
Usually subside
Use NSAIDs on severe cases
May abscess
Possibility of abortion

23
Q

What vaccines give hypersensitive reactions

A

Anaphylaxis rare but serious
Associated with repeated vaccination
Killed - repeated injection of antigen

24
Q

Type I occurs in vaccinations because

A

(anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock) occurs within minutes
History of asthma/allergy increase risk in people
Mediator
Histamine from mast cells (IgE)
Signs
Weakness, vomiting/diarrhea, increased RR

25
Q

Type III occurs when with vaccinations

A

Antigen antibody complexes deposited in tissues
2-3 weeks following infection/vaccination
Signs
Intense local inflammation
Purpura, blue eye, ischemic dermatitis and alopecia

26
Q

Type IV hyper vaccine reaction

A

Cells?
T-cells and macrophages
Granuloma at injection site
May abscess
More common with depot (oil) vaccines
Takes 12-72 hours to develop

27
Q

Vaccine induced autoimmune disease

A

Rare
Vaccine grown on cell line of same species plus adjuvant

28
Q

Vaccine induced hypertrophic osteodystrophy is and who is affected

A

Rare condition
Large and giant breed puppies vaccinated with MLV distemper vaccine
Weimaraner
Starts within 10d
Treat with corticosteroids
Pre-existing immunodeficiency

29
Q

Injection site sarcomas in cats is and happens because

A

Can occur following any injection in cats
Some vaccinations have a higher association rate
Rare: 1/10 000 vaccines
Multiple vaccine administration
Vaccines with strong adjuvants
Middle aged to older cats often at site of injection
Challenging to treat- very invasive tumor

30
Q

Adverse consequences of manufacture

A

Errors in vaccine manufacture
Teratogenic
Some vaccines are mildly immunosuppressive

31
Q

What errors in vaccine manufacture can happen

A

Poor attenuation of vaccine
Contamination of vaccine
Some of the original sheep vaccines were contaminated with Scrapie

32
Q

What vaccines can cause immunosupression

A

Some parvo vaccines/polyvalent vaccines will cause lymphocyte numbers to decrease temporarily

33
Q

How to prevent an adverse reaction

A

Always obtain a history
Any previous problems?
Can you switch types?
Previous lumps associated with vaccines (usually rabies vaccine)
Document details of vaccine reactions on the patient’s file
Pre-treatment with diphenhydramine or an NSAID prior to vaccination in animals with a known history of vaccine reactions
Don’t over vaccinate
Recommend close monitoring for 20 minutes following vaccination
To detect anaphylaxis

34
Q

How to treat anaphylaxis caused by a vaccine

A

An emergency
Typically epinephrine +/- antihistamines, corticosteroids
IV fluids

35
Q

How to treat fever and soreness caused by a vaccine

A

NSAIDs

36
Q

How to treat pruritus, GI signs, facial swelling and hives in vaccine reactions

A

Diphenhydramine

37
Q

What must the vaccine have in order to be used

A

Must be licensed by CFIA (Vet Biologics Branch)
Appropriate facilities
Meet safety and potency standards
Efficacy
Challenge studies 80:80
80% protection in vaccinates
80% disease in non-vaccinates
May only need to show an antibody response
Has not always been enforced

38
Q

What is the problem in vaccinating very young animals?

A

Passive protection from colostrum (maternal derived antibody) can inactivate vaccine

39
Q

How can we avoid problems in vaccinating young

A

Either vaccinate young animals repeatedly to catch them when they are susceptible or wait until they are old enough so that all antibody from colostrum has disappeared

40
Q

Who is at greatest risk of a vaccine reaction?

A

Small dogs
Animals receiving several vaccines at same time
Neutered dogs

Immunology (21 decks)

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