Vaccines and their use Flashcards
Immunocastration is and used for
(Vaccine for neutering)
Vaccine for pigs against GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Contains GnRH linked to a carrier to stimulate an immune reaction
Antibodies bind to animals GnRH, block its activity, so no FSH or LH produced to stimulate the testes
Two dose, starting at 12 weeks
Accidental injection of self
No risk for first occasion
Core vaccines are used for
For severe, common, diseases
Effective vaccine available
Risk of adverse ration is small
Benefit of vaccination very likely to exceed risks
Non core vaccines depend on
Location
Spikes in the disease
Systemic vaccine administration is
most common method of administration
IM or SQ
Systemic vaccine administration advantages
Reliable administration of vaccine
Systemic (IgG) immunity
Systemic vaccine administration disadvantages
Need a needle
No (little) IgA immunity
Systemic vaccine administration precautions
Clean bottle cap
New needle and syringe for each animal
Mucosal vaccination administration is
IN
Orally (buccal)
Mucosal vaccination administration advantags
Local and systemic immunity
IgG and IgA
No needle
Mucosal vaccination administration disadvantages
Head restraint
Variable vaccine administration
Usually need a MLV
Most vaccine schedules
Primary dose
Secondary
Typically 21-28 days later
Maximal immunity about 2-3 weeks later
Live vaccines or depot vaccines may only require one injection
Reactivation (booster)
1-3 years later
How does the body react after a priming dose of vaccination
Initially no antibody
Antigen has to be phagocytosed by dendritic cells and presented to lymphocytes
Lymphocytes multiple
Make memory cells
Some become plasma cells
Produce which antibody
IgM
How does maternal antibodies affect vaccination
Passive antibody often prevents successful vaccination of very young animals
Maternal antibody degrades about 50% every 2 weeks
Neonates can be given multiple ‘priming’ vaccinations
When would you vaccinate puppies and kittens
Neonates can be given multiple ‘priming’ vaccinations
Puppies and kittens
8,12,16 weeks
Allows you to catch patient when antibody status is low and vaccine will be effective
Or delay until all antibody gone
Puppies and kittens
In most cases cholesterol immunoglobulin has disappeared by 12 weeks of age
Rabies given after 12 weeks
When to give foals and calves vaccines if you only want to do one dose
> 6 months
Why would a vaccination fail
Incorrect storage or administration
Inability to respond
Why would a vaccine fail to make a response within the body
Cholesterol antibody (neutralizes vaccine)
Genetic differences
Immune suppression
Parasites
Malnourished
Viral infections
Vaccinating at the time of neuter doe NOT alter response in kittens
High antibody levels are associated with
Strongly antigenic vaccines
Small dogs
First vaccination as a younger adult (3-4 years of age)
Certain breeds
What is the chance of having a vaccine reaction
Survey >1 000 000 vaccinated dogs
Adverse reactions: 0.4%
Most on day of vaccination
Risk higher if
Small dog
Multiple vaccines give
Repeated vaccination
Neutered dog
Common adverse vaccine reactions
Lethargy/fever
Inflammation at injection site
Inappetence
Pruritus
GI signs- vomiting and diarrhea
Hives or facial swelling
Pain at the time of injection
Mild discomfort is to be expected
Problem if severe
Pain at time of injection
May bite vaccinator
Discomfort to pet
Struggling may increase tissue destruction and increase pain and inflammation
Reduce by considerate handling, environment, rewards and distraction
Inflammation after a vaccine injection is and occurs when
Inflammation following vaccination (1-7 days)
Warmth, swelling, edema, (fever)
Usually subside
Use NSAIDs on severe cases
May abscess
Possibility of abortion
What vaccines give hypersensitive reactions
Anaphylaxis rare but serious
Associated with repeated vaccination
Killed - repeated injection of antigen
Type I occurs in vaccinations because
(anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock) occurs within minutes
History of asthma/allergy increase risk in people
Mediator
Histamine from mast cells (IgE)
Signs
Weakness, vomiting/diarrhea, increased RR
Type III occurs when with vaccinations
Antigen antibody complexes deposited in tissues
2-3 weeks following infection/vaccination
Signs
Intense local inflammation
Purpura, blue eye, ischemic dermatitis and alopecia
Type IV hyper vaccine reaction
Cells?
T-cells and macrophages
Granuloma at injection site
May abscess
More common with depot (oil) vaccines
Takes 12-72 hours to develop
Vaccine induced autoimmune disease
Rare
Vaccine grown on cell line of same species plus adjuvant
Vaccine induced hypertrophic osteodystrophy is and who is affected
Rare condition
Large and giant breed puppies vaccinated with MLV distemper vaccine
Weimaraner
Starts within 10d
Treat with corticosteroids
Pre-existing immunodeficiency
Injection site sarcomas in cats is and happens because
Can occur following any injection in cats
Some vaccinations have a higher association rate
Rare: 1/10 000 vaccines
Multiple vaccine administration
Vaccines with strong adjuvants
Middle aged to older cats often at site of injection
Challenging to treat- very invasive tumor
Adverse consequences of manufacture
Errors in vaccine manufacture
Teratogenic
Some vaccines are mildly immunosuppressive
What errors in vaccine manufacture can happen
Poor attenuation of vaccine
Contamination of vaccine
Some of the original sheep vaccines were contaminated with Scrapie
What vaccines can cause immunosupression
Some parvo vaccines/polyvalent vaccines will cause lymphocyte numbers to decrease temporarily
How to prevent an adverse reaction
Always obtain a history
Any previous problems?
Can you switch types?
Previous lumps associated with vaccines (usually rabies vaccine)
Document details of vaccine reactions on the patient’s file
Pre-treatment with diphenhydramine or an NSAID prior to vaccination in animals with a known history of vaccine reactions
Don’t over vaccinate
Recommend close monitoring for 20 minutes following vaccination
To detect anaphylaxis
How to treat anaphylaxis caused by a vaccine
An emergency
Typically epinephrine +/- antihistamines, corticosteroids
IV fluids
How to treat fever and soreness caused by a vaccine
NSAIDs
How to treat pruritus, GI signs, facial swelling and hives in vaccine reactions
Diphenhydramine
What must the vaccine have in order to be used
Must be licensed by CFIA (Vet Biologics Branch)
Appropriate facilities
Meet safety and potency standards
Efficacy
Challenge studies 80:80
80% protection in vaccinates
80% disease in non-vaccinates
May only need to show an antibody response
Has not always been enforced
What is the problem in vaccinating very young animals?
Passive protection from colostrum (maternal derived antibody) can inactivate vaccine
How can we avoid problems in vaccinating young
Either vaccinate young animals repeatedly to catch them when they are susceptible or wait until they are old enough so that all antibody from colostrum has disappeared
Who is at greatest risk of a vaccine reaction?
Small dogs
Animals receiving several vaccines at same time
Neutered dogs
