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Immunology > Vaccine production > Flashcards

Vaccine production Flashcards

1
Q

What is vaccination stimulating

A

Deliberately administer antigens to stimulate an animal to produce its own immunity
B cells an antibody production
T cells

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2
Q

Why vaccinate for the immune system

A

Repeated exposure stimulates a secondary immune response
Takes time to develop an immune response
Long lasting

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3
Q

How was the first vaccine made

A

The first vaccination was performed by Jenner in 1796
Inoculated a healthy child with cowpox
Exposed him to smallpox
No disease
At one stage smallpox killed 400,000 people a year in Europe
Now eradicated thanks to vaccination

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4
Q

Risk with vaccination

A

Unwanted reactions
Lack of efficiency/misplaced reliance on vaccination
Cost

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5
Q

Risk to no vaccination

A

Disease (assuming vaccine is effective)

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6
Q

When are vaccinations helpful

A

Disease is common, difficult or expensive to successfully treat
Often epidemic, severe, viral diseases
Disease that pose a human health risk (zoonotic)
Vaccine is efficacious
Vaccine has low risks to use
Want to stimulate adaptive immunity with minimal inflammation

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7
Q

Traditional killed vaccines are

A

Also known as -inactivated vaccines
Live bacteria or virus is cultured and then killed
Formaldehyde
Acetone
Alcohols
Alkylating agents
Alternatively, toxin is cultured and inactivated

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8
Q

Killed vaccines may contain

A

Antigens specific to the organism
Antigens that stimulate pattern recognition receptors
Often combined with an adjuvant

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9
Q

Down sides to a killed vaccine

A

Tend to be less immunogenic
Weaker, less complete, shorter period of immunity
Very limited or no interferon production

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10
Q

Advantages with killed vaccines

A

Less risk of inducing disease

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11
Q

Attenuation is

A

modification of a pathogen so that it is less virulent
Less likely to cause disease

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12
Q

Modified live vaccines are

A

Attenuated
Still infects animal, still capable of replicating within the host’s cells
Replicates and produces immunity

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13
Q

Advantages of MLV

A

Whole organism is used so they tend to stimulate a strong immunity
Immunity tends to be long lasting
Immunity tends to be rapid (sometimes days)
Less likely to cause allergic reaction (no adjuvant)

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14
Q

Why does MLV produce a strong immunity

A

Whole organism is used so they tend to stimulate a strong immunity
Contain variety of antigens
Broad immunity
May only require one dose for initial vaccination
Often contain antigens that non-specifically stimulate immune system
Activate pattern recognition receptors
No need for adjuvants
Immunity is like that produced by natural infection

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15
Q

Disadvantages of MLV

A

Possibility of spread of vaccine virus to other animals
Possibility of reversion to a virulent form
More of a concern with older MLV
If vannine is contaminated, contaminating agent will not be activated
Bovine Leukosis in Australia spread by a babesiosis vaccine (made with bovine blood)
May interfere with diagnostic tests
Often have an antigen deleted to help differentiate vaccination from disease

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16
Q

Why is spread by a MLV an issue

A

Good (increased herd immunity)
Bad – Spread of MLV IBR vaccine from calf to pregnant cow (may cause disease issues in immunocompromised/pregnant animals)
Can cause abortion

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17
Q

How are MLV made traditonally

A

Long term culture on an unusual medium
Growth of the virus in a species or tissue culture that it does not normally infect
Rinderpest (a pathogen in cattle) was grown in rabbits until it was no longer pathogenic to cattle
Distemper virus grown in kidney cells

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18
Q

How are MLV made through genetic manipulation

A

Delete virulence factor/rep;ication factor
Alter the genetic code in some way that makes them less likely to cause severe disease

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19
Q

Sub-unit vaccines are

A

Gene cloning- type 1
Single/small group of antigens amplified by gene cloning
Take known major antigen
Isolate responsible gene
Insert into bacteria (E.coli), yeast or another organism
Antigen produced by the organism and excreted into medium (broth)
It is then harvested and purified

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20
Q

Advantages of sub unit vaccines

A

Minimal risk of developing disease

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21
Q

Disadvantages of a sub unit vaccine

A

Antibody response may be weak
Protein (antigen) may not be appropriately modified or folded
No stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (unless an adjuvant is added)
Incorrect presentation of antigen to host
Some animals may NOT response to the antigen

22
Q

Genetically Attenuated Organisms - Type 2 is and attenuated for

A

Like traditional MLV vaccines but modified (attenuated) by genetic engineering
Attenuation:
Targeted
Multiple steps making reversion difficult – irreversible?
Rapid
Can knock out minor antigens, use as a marker for vaccination
Commonly used method of making MLV vaccines

23
Q

Live recombinant organism are

A

This is a successful method of making commercial vaccines
Insert part of the genome of a pathogen into a harmless vector that replicates within the host
Canarypox or vaccinia often used as a vector
Adenovirus for COVID
Plant cells as a vector – allow for some vaccines to be given orally

24
Q

Canarypox is an ideal vector beacuse

A

Canarypox only partially replicates in mammals
No new competent virus particles produced (usually)
Large stable genome – includes code for ‘virus factories’
Easy to insert viral pathogen DNA
Infected cells can express high levels of antigen

25
Q

Canarypox is

A

Recumbent organsim
No immune response to the canarypox vector
Can be used as a “booster”

26
Q

What happens once a recumbent organism is created

A

Thy may be killed and incorporated into a vaccine
The live organism may be used to produce a vaccine
Antigens belonging to pathogen are then expressed in host

27
Q

What vaccines are recombinant

A

Vaccinia was originally developed for the control of smallpox
Disease eradicated by vaccination
Now, vaccinia is modified to control other diseases
Oral rabies vaccine for wildlife (Boehringer Ingelheim)
Over 100 million doses sold

28
Q

Polynucleotide Vaccines (COVID) – Type 4 is produced by

A

Sequence viral DNA/RNA
Identify genes that code for viral antigens on the surface of infected cells
Mass produce a messenger RNA copy of this gene
Package it in a lipid nanoparticle
Protects the delicate mRNA
Inject the mRNA into the susceptible individual
Lipid nanoparticles fuse with human cell membranes
mRNA directs human cell to produce viral antigen
Displayed on cell surface
Stimulates immune response

29
Q

Advantages of polynucleotide vaccines

A

Very rapid development of vaccine
RNA so cannot change genetic code of vaccinated person

30
Q

Disadvantages of polynucleotide vaccine

A

Must know sequence
Has to be stored at very cold temperature
Only one or small group of antigens

31
Q

Adjuvants are

A

Included in killed vaccines or those with highly purified antigen
Slow release

32
Q

What are the functions of adjuvanats

A

Slow down release of antigen (gives the immune system time to react)
Increase the strength or magnitude of the immune response
May decrease the amount of antigen or number of doses required
May select for a specific immune response – for example stimulate CMI, Th1 vs. Th2

33
Q

Why are adjuvants slow release

A

Aluminium salts
Freunds Incomplete Adjuvant

34
Q

Immunostimulant Adjuvants are and work for

A

Various bacteria/bacterial parts
Anerobic corynebacteria
Lipopolyssaccharide
Sugar polymers, detergents
Stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors and activate dendritic cells and macrophages→ helper T cells

35
Q

Particulate Adjuvants are used for

A

not yet widely incorporated into vet med
Liposomes, ISCOMS, Microparticles
Deliver antigen to antigen presenting cells in a form that is easy to process (phagocytose)

36
Q

What is freuds complete adjuvant

A

Combined adjuvant
Oil-water emulsion and killed mycobacterium
Problematic in cattle- can cause a positive tuberculin test
Highly toxic to dogs and cats

37
Q

Killed Vaccines advantage and disadvantage?

A

Least risk of virulence
Often shorter period of immunity and mora vaccine reaction problems

38
Q

MLV advantage and disadvantage?

A

Strong, long lasting immunity with smaller risk of reaction
Risk of disease if improperly attenuated or given off label

39
Q

Passive immunization is

A

The administration of preformed antibody(antisera) from an immune to a susceptible individual
Like colostrum
Performed when immediate protection is needed against a serious disease
Provides temporary immunit

40
Q

How to preform passive immunization

A

Donor animals are vaccinated for a specific antigen
Plasma or serum is collected from the donor animals and the antibodies are harvested

41
Q

Equine antisera is

A

Typically used for clostridial organisms especially tetanus
Disease often rapidly fatal
Signs caused by toxins
Toxoids are denatured (inactivated) toxins, used to repeatedly vaccinate horses, serum is harvested
(Equine) immune globulin preparation called:
Antiserum
antitoxin
Often combine antitoxin with active immunization for long lasting immunity

42
Q

What to do to avoid tetanus in equine wounds

A

If not vaccinated/not current for tetanus
Passive protection
Tetanus antitoxin
Simultaneously induce/boost active immunity
Tetanus toxoid vaccination
Routine vaccination provides the best protection

43
Q

Passive Immunity Using Hybridomas is

A

Monoclonal antibody against E. coli, rota and coronavirus
Raised in a mouse hybridoma
Mouse immunoglobulin
Given orally to calves to protect against scours

44
Q

Problems of passive immunization

A

Antibody os often from a different species
Immune reaction shortens life of antibodies
Risk of anaphylaxis
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
May interfere with active immunity (vaccination)
Only involve antibody, not cell mediated immunity

45
Q

Storage of vaccines

A

Vaccines are biological products
Always consult the package insert or manufacturer.
Generally, as a rule:
Keep refrigerated

46
Q

What to do for the vaccine fridge

A

About 50% full
Date multi use containers at time of first use
Place vaccine in breathable plastic mesh baskets and clearly label baskets by type of vaccine
Keep baskets 5-8 cm from walls and other baskets
Keep vaccine in their original boxes until you are ready to use them
Keep vaccines with shorter expiration dates to the front of the shelf/basket
Place temperature probe/vial in middle of refrigeration unit
Keep temperature between 2 – 8°C (aim for 5°C)
Check and log temp daily

47
Q

What not to do with the vaccine fridge

A

Store food or drink in refrigerator- only vaccine in the vaccine storage unit
Place vaccine in solid plastic trays or containers
Store vials out of their original individual packaging
Place vaccine in veggie bins, drawers, door shelves or on floor of refrigerator
Open door more than necessary

48
Q

What to do when moving vaccines

A

Ice chest and freezer bags
Portable electric coolers

49
Q

Active immunization is activated by

A

Vaccination
Animal makes its own antibody

50
Q

passive immunization is activated by

A

Colostrum, antitoxins, antiserum
Antibody is performed and given to animal

51
Q

Correct vaccine storage temp

A

Store between 2-8*C

Immunology (21 decks)

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