Overview of body defenses: lecture 1

Question 1

What is immunity

Answer 1

Host defense against pathogens and toxins
Tissue repair
Host defense against mistakes in cell replication leading to cancer.

Question 2

What is pathogen

Answer 2

Disease producing organisms.
Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, fungi, prions

Question 3

Virulence is

Answer 3

A measure of how effective a pathogen is at invading a host and causing disease.

Question 4

Inflammatory response happens when

Answer 4

First response to infection

Question 5

How we use immunology

Answer 5

Testing
Understanding diseases e.g. allergies
Vaccine protocols
Neonatal care
Geriatric care

Question 6

Three major types of protection

Answer 6

Physical barriers
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
These pathways do not work independently, they are interlinked

Question 7

Innate immunity means

Answer 7

Rapid response

Question 8

Adaptive immunity means

Answer 8

Specialist responders

Question 9

What can cells act as

Answer 9

Some cells simply act as barriers.
Some cells are sentinels.
Alert other cells to problems - inflammation.
Some specialize in dealing with problems outside of the host’s cells
Some specialize in removing problems inside of the host’s cells.

Question 10

Properties if innate immunity

Answer 10

Rapid
Non-specific
Consistent

Question 11

Examples of cells in innate immunity

Answer 11

Phagocytic cells, complement.
Especially important at sites where pathogens are likely to enter the body.

Question 12

properties of adaptive immunity

Answer 12

Specific
Discrimination (self and non-self)
Can differentiation between the two and only attacks non-self
Timeline is variable
Memory

Question 13

Examples of Fixed defenses are

Answer 13

Gastric acid
Skin
Nasal secretions
Coughing/sneezing
Urination
Defecation

Question 14

Fixed defenses are

Answer 14

Chemical
Physical barriers
Traps
Elimination
Commensal bacteria

Question 15

Properties of lysozyme

Answer 15

Antimicrobial
Digests cell walls

Question 16

Defensins are

Answer 16

Antimicrobial proteins produced by epithelial cells and neutrophils.
Makes pores in cell walls of bacteria, fungi and viruses

Question 17

Antimicrobial chemicals in the innate immunity

Answer 17

Lysozyme
Defensins

Question 18

Hair and skin does what for immune system

Answer 18

Lubricated and protected by sebum and sweat
Fatty acids lower pH
Defensins
Commensal bacteria
Fatty acids
Tough and inert
Constantly shed

Question 19

Nose does what for immune system

Answer 19

Hairs
Turbinate bones
Mucus
Sticky
Contains lysozyme (antimicrobial enzyme)
Alveolar macrophages
Commensal bacteria
Surfactant

Question 20

Trachea stops microbes by

Answer 20

Cilia
Mucociliary escalator

Question 21

GI tract stops microbes by

Answer 21

Stomach
Acidity
Kills many pathogens.

Question 22

What medicine will interfere with GI immunity

Answer 22

Antibiotics
Antacids
Ulcer prevention medications

Question 23

Small intestine does what to stop infection

Answer 23

Sudden pH change
Peristalsis
Epithelial barrier
Mucus
Bile - antimicrobial substances and enzymes
Gut flora.
Compete for nutrients and space
Produce antibacterial compounds?
Defensins

Question 24

How do eyes defend the body

Answer 24

Is this physical or physiological? Both
Protects against trauma
Tears
Flushing
Lysozyme

Question 25

How does the urogenital tract stop infection

Answer 25

Flushing of urinary tract
Vagina
Commensal bacteria
Produce lactic acid
Prevent infection

Question 26

Mobile defenses in the body are

Answer 26

Phagocytes
Neutrophils
Macrophages/Monocytes
Killer (NK) Lymphocytes
Complement
Interferon