vaccines

Question 1

active immuntiy

Answer 1

the body’s response to exposure to a potential pathogen (via immunization, infection, or exposure)

Question 2

passive immunity

Answer 2

• created via the transfer of pre-formed antibodies to an individual
• short lived, does not produce memory cells
• products include polyclonal antibody, hyper-immune antibody preparations, monoclonal antibodies

Question 3

examples of when to use passive immunity

Answer 3

• immediate protection is needed
• host unable to produce an adequate immune response
• no safe or effective vaccine is available
• protection against toxins (tetanus, botulism, diphtheria, snake venom)
• Rho-Gam

Question 4

case with bite from dog with rabies

Answer 4

• rabies vaccine and rabies immune globulin

Question 5

if you do not have B cells then vaccines do not work and you must

Answer 5

long term passive immunizations or transplant

Question 6

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Answer 6

significant disease in premature infants with chronic lung disease

Question 7

rho-gam

Answer 7

antibody for RH

passive immunity example

Question 8

D positive

Answer 8

Rh protein present on the red blood cell

Question 9

administration of polyclonal gamma globulin (IVIg) is used for

Answer 9

serious deficiencies of the humoral immune system

Question 10

use of antibody products directed against specific viral antigens examples

Answer 10

hepatitis A, rabies, cytomegalovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus

Question 11

t/f passive and active immunity are never used together

Answer 11

false

Question 12

pregnant women are/are not suppose to receive pertussis booster

Answer 12

are

Question 13

types of vaccines

Answer 13

1. attenuated (weakened) or inactivated bacterial and viral vaccines
2. purified antigen vaccines
3. synthetic / recombination vaccines

Question 14

inactivated vaccines are produced by

Answer 14

• growing large numbers of the virus or bacteria and killing (inactivating) them with heat or chemical fixation
• NOT USED IN THE USA

Question 15

attenuated vaccines are produced by

Answer 15

repeated passages of the organism through a cell culture or laboratory animal until non-virulent organism is isolated

Question 16

inactivated bacterial vaccines

Answer 16

• limited protection

- short lived

Question 17

inactivated viral vaccines

Answer 17

• may not produce as long lived or as good protection

Question 18

inactivated viral vaccines examples

Answer 18

influenza, rabies, polio vaccines

Question 19

attenuated bacterial and viral vaccines

Answer 19

• effective, generate long term protection
• may be lifelong protection but booster dose may be needed
• contain live material and safety can be concern
• generates antibody response

Question 20

attenuated bacterial vaccines examples

Answer 20

BCG for TB

Question 21

attenuated viral vaccines examples

Answer 21

measles (rubeola), mumps, rubella (MMR) chickenpox (varicella), rotavirus, the live oral influenza vaccine and yellow fever

Question 22

purified antigen /subunit vaccines

Answer 22

1. toxoid

2. purified polysaccharide antigen - conjugate vaccine

Question 23

purified polysaccharide antigen - conjugate vaccine example

Answer 23

• haemophilus influenza b (hib) chemically conjugated to tetanus toxoid
• leads to memory and effective class switching

Question 24

Toxoid

Answer 24

inactive toxin
EXAMPLES
diphtheria and tetanus

Question 25

advantage of purified antigen /subunit vaccines

Answer 25

- very safe

Question 26

disadvantage of purified antigen /subunit vaccines

Answer 26

- short shelf life - difficulty reproducing vaccine - failure to recognize because typically exogenous antigens

Question 27

synthetic / recombinant antigen vaccines

Answer 27

active part is synthesized amino acid polymer corresponding to antigenic determinants, peptide or protein

Question 28

synthetic / recombinant antigen vaccines example

Answer 28

hepatitis B vaccine

Question 29

synthetic / recombinant antigen vaccines advantages

Answer 29

safe

Question 30

synthetic / recombinant antigen vaccines disadvantages

Answer 30

- short shelf life - difficulty producing vaccine - failure to recognize because typically exogenous antigens

Question 31

polyvalent /combination vaccines

Answer 31

diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis combination vaccine

Question 32

polyvalent /combination vaccines advantages

Answer 32

reduction in the number of injections

Question 33

polyvalent /combination vaccines disadvantages

Answer 33

not all vaccines can be combined, risk of . interference, many not available worldwide

Question 34

additional substance/components in a vaccine

Answer 34

1. adjuvants 2. diluent 3. stabilizers 4. antibiotics 5. preservatives

Question 35

adjuvants

Answer 35

substance added to the vaccine to improve the immune response ex. aluminum salts

Question 36

diluent

Answer 36

water

Question 37

stablizer

Answer 37

maintain vaccine potency | ex. albumin, phenols, gelatin, glycine

Question 38

preservatives

Answer 38

thimerosal

Question 39

vaccine efficacy: immunization against microorganisms that are limited to human hosts and are invariant in their surface structures are MORE/LESS effective provide an example

Answer 39

more; smallpox

Question 40

vaccine efficacy: vaccination programs against microorganisms that have animal reservoirs and exhibit diversity in their surface structures are likely MORE/LESS effective provide an example

Answer 40

less; influenza

Question 41

herd immunity

Answer 41

phenomenon seen when a large percentage of individuals in the community are immunized ... - microorganism has difficultly surviving in that environment - low probability that even given un-immunized individual will come in contact with the pathogen

Question 42

thimerosal

Answer 42

- previously used as vaccine preservative - contains ethylmercury - mercury exposure and neurocognitive disorders

Question 43

1. The purpose of an adjuvant in a vaccine preparation is to: A. Stabilize the protein component of the vaccine B. Improve or stimulate the immune response C. Prevent bacterial and fungal infections of the preparation D. Prolong the shelf-life of the vaccine

Answer 43

B. Improve or stimulate the immune response

Question 44

2. Passive immunization: A. Is longer lasting than active immunization B. Creates memory B cells but no memory T cells C. Is always administered in conjunction with a vaccine D. Is useful to obtain rapid protection against toxins such as tetanus

Answer 44

D. Is useful to obtain rapid protection against toxins such as tetanus

Question 45

3. Thimerosal: A. Is now only contained in live virus vaccines in the US B. Had a role in vaccines as an adjuvant C. Has never been shown to cause any illness in children D. Has been linked to obesity in recent studies

Answer 45

C. Has never been shown to cause any illness in children

Question 46

stabilizer examples

Answer 46

phenols, monosodium glutamate, albumin, phenols, gelatin, glycine