Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology II > Nutrition and Age > Flashcards

Nutrition and Age Flashcards

1
Q

obesity

A
  • low grade chronic inflammation - thymic aging - decreased T cell repertoire diversity - increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does malnutrition effects the immune system

A
  • decreased nutrition can lead to lack of energy and therefore less effective immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

obesity- hospital indications

A
  • increased risk of secondary infections - increased wound infection and time of wound healing - increased length of stay - upper respiratory infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

obesity indications

A
  • increased risk of influenza
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

protein energy malnutrition

A
  • number one nutrient deficiency leading to decreased innate immune system (epithelial barrier) - examples. marasmus and kwashiorkor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

laxmi’s life curve

A

growth curve y-axis- kg x-axis- age flattened out = malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

iron

A
  • micronutrient - affects the function of macrophages and neutrophils - decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines - inhibit the proliferation of T cells - thymic function diminished
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hepcidin

A

decreases serum iron and dietary iron absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vitamin A

A
  • 10 million children affected - supplementation does cause reverse effects specifically with measles and diarrhea - skews immune system towards Th1 response and reduces Th2 response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

8-40 weeks of gestation

A

fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the first two parts of the immune system to start developing in a fetus?

A

innate and cellular around 5-6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when does IgG start to transfer from the mother to the fetus?

A

12-14 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when does complement start to develop in the fetus?

A

9-10 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when does the humoral portion of the immune system start to develop?

A

9-10 weeks - B cell precursors in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

16-17 weeks of fetus development

A

mature macrophages in the liver and circulating neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

child receives _____ from breastfeeding

A

IgA, IgM, and IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

maternal antibodies inhibit/enhance/or both immunity

A

inhibit and enhance

ex. dont give vaccine until 2 months and not the first day of life becasue not fully developed adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A
  1. passively transferred IgG
  2. IgM
  3. IgG
  4. IgA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when can you tell if someone has a primary antibody disease?

A

3 months becuase mother’s IgG has disappeared and childs is starting to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

innate immune response in neonates are not normal becuase they do not produce IL ____

A

IL-12

21
Q

cell-mediated immunity is imapired in neonates

A

decreased receptors on APC

22
Q

maturation of immune system in infants: slow maturation of physiological barrier examples

A
  • physical barriers- skin is thin
  • stomach acidity, production of pepsin and trypsin, protection of GI tract suboptimal
  • normal flora not established
  • no IgA (breastfeesding provides)
23
Q

maturation of immune system in infants: immature innate immunity including cellular response

A
  • decreased ability of leukocytes to concentrate
  • cells less bacteriocidal and less phagocytic
  • APC / DC produce altered cytokine profile impacting T cell stimulation
24
Q

maturation of immune system in infants: humoral immunity examples

A
  • maternal IgG but no IgA, IgM or IgE
25
Q

neonatal cytokines favor which Th pathways

A

Th2 and Th17 over Th1

26
Q

when do serum levels of IgG and IgM levels reach adult levels?

A

5-6 years old

27
Q

______ is slower to rise to adult levels than IgG and IgM levels

A

IgA

28
Q

lymphocyte numbers reach adult levels by age

A

6

29
Q

elder immune system

A

decreased number and function of cell mediated and humurol immunity

30
Q

thymus decreases/increases in elderly people leading to fewer naive T cells

A

decreases

31
Q

the bone marrow increases/decreases in the elderly population

A

fewer naive B cells which dampens antibodies

32
Q

reduced immune response to vaccinations in the elderly populations is cuased by

A

antibody resposnes being impaired

33
Q

aging changes the adaptive immune system: B cells

A
  • reduced function
  • blunted vaccine responses
34
Q

aging changes the adaptive immune system: CD4+ T cells

A
  • reduced functino and IL-2 production
  • dampened costimulation
35
Q

aging changes the adaptive immune system: CD8+ t cells

A
  • narrowing of repertoire
  • more memory cells
36
Q

aging changes the adaptive immune system: Treg cells

A
  • retain some suppresive activity
  • altered repertorie
37
Q

which TLR signaling pathways are particularly changed in the elderly

A

7 8 and 9

38
Q

macrophages and neutrophils in the elderly

A

decreased function

39
Q

dendritic cells in the elderly

A

decreased costimulation

40
Q

natural killer cells

A

decreased cytotoxicity

41
Q

t/f low grade chronic inflammation is seen in the elderly population with aging

A

true

42
Q
  1. The immune system of the neonate / young infant has the following characteristic:

A. Better opsonization of pathogens facilitated by maternal IgG

B. Cytokine responses which favor Th1 and enhanced CD8 cytotoxic T cells

C. Enhanced ability for phagocytosis and bacteriocidal activity

D. Enhanced class switching (IgM to IgG and IgA)

A

A. Better opsonization of pathogens facilitated by maternal IgG

43
Q
  1. Obesity is associated with:

A. Increased risk of infection due to decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines

B. Persistence of the thymus into adulthood yielding greater T cell diversity

C. General decreased inflammation

D. Increased risk of hospitalization and death from influenza

A

D. Increased risk of hospitalization and death from influenza

44
Q
  1. Which of the following is a unique property of the adaptive immune system?

A. Highly diverse repertoire of specificities for antigens

B. Self-nonself discrimination

C. Recognition of microbial structures by both cell-associated and soluble receptors

D. Protection against viral infections

A

A. Highly diverse repertoire of specificities for antigens

45
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about the innate immune system is NOT true?

A. Innate immunity is present in all multicellular organisms, including plants and insects.

B. Deficiencies in innate immunity markedly increase host susceptibility to infection, even in the setting of an intact adaptive immune response.

C. Innate immunity is better suited for eliminating virulent, resistant microbes than is adaptive immunity.

D. The innate immune response can be divided into recognition, activation, and effector phases.

E. The innate immune response against microbes influences the type of adaptive immune response that develops.

A

C. Innate immunity is better suited for eliminating virulent, resistant microbes than is adaptive immunity.

46
Q
  1. Which of the following comparisons of the innate and adaptive immune systems is FALSE?

A. The innate immune system is more likely to recognize normal self, and therefore cause autoimmunity, than is the adaptive immune system.

B. Receptors used for recognition in innate immunity are encoded in the germline, whereas those of the adaptive immune system are encoded by genes generated via somatic recombination of germline receptor gene loci.

C. The innate and adaptive immune systems share some of the same effector mechanisms.

D. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems can recognize nonmicrobial substances.

E. The innate immune system does not have memory but the adaptive immune system does.

A

A. The innate immune system is more likely to recognize normal self, and therefore cause autoimmunity, than is the adaptive immune system.

47
Q
  1. Which one of the following statements about T cells involved in an immune response is NOT true?

A. Activated T cells receive survival signals from antigen during an infection.

B. Activated T cells contribute to the activation of antigen-presenting cells via CD40 ligand.

C. Memory T cells generated during a primary immune response express high levels of interleukin-2 receptors and actively proliferate long after the primary response is completed.

D. The major effector function of helper T cells is to activate macrophages and other cells by releasing cytokines.

E. When an infection is eliminated, activated T cells die by apoptosis.

A

C. Memory T cells generated during a primary immune response express high levels of interleukin-2 receptors and actively proliferate long after the primary response is completed.

48
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Iron Overload

Conditions of iron excess favor the pathogen during infection. All pathogens require iron, and the presence of excess iron, such as in this patient, overcomes our body’s natural systems to sequester iron from pathogens. In addition, phagocytic cells do not function as well in iron excess. No intervention may be needed except appropriate treatment of the iron overload syndrome and close monitoring for infection

Immunology II (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions