Vaccines Flashcards
live attenuated virus vaccine
intracellular pathogens-> MHC class I-> CTL effector response-> TH1
MORE effective than killed or subunit
1. replicate in host
2. delivered into proper compartments
3. appropriate cytokine/chemokine signaling to direct immune response
4. safety concerns
killed vaccine
extracellular pathogens-> MHC class II-> CD4-> TH2-> B cell
subunit vaccine
extracellular pathogens-> TH2 MHC class II: B cell
conjugated capsular vaccine
extracellular pathogens-> TH2 MHC class II: B cell T-independent: can attach protein carrier and supply PAMP to make T-dependent
adjuvant
enhances immune response to vaccine immunogen
administered with vaccine
Freund’s incomplete adjuvant
oil-in-water emulsion
delayed release of antigen, enhanced uptake by macrophages
NOT used in humans
MHC class II
Freund’s complete adjuvant
oil-in-water emulsion with dead mycobacterium
delayed release of antigen, enhanced uptake by macrophages, induction of co-stimulators in macrophages
NOT used in humans
MHC class II
Freund’s adjuvant with MDP
oil-in-water emulsion with MDP= muramyl dipeptide (constituent of mycobacterium)
similar to Freund’s complete adjuvant
NOT used in humans
MHC class II
Alum
aluminum hydroxide gel delayed release of antigen; enhanced macrophage take up MHC class II
Alum plus Bordetella pertussis
delayed release of antigen, enhanced uptake of macrophages, induction of co-stimulators MHC class II
immune stimulatory complexes (ISCOM)
matrix of lipid micelles containing viral proteins delivers antigen to cytosol; allows induction of CTL MHC class I
MF59
squalene-oil-water emulsion delayed release of antigen MHC class II
liposome
closed vesicle formed by a single bilayer of phospholipids delivers antigen to cytosol; allows induction of CTL MHC class I
adjuvants for potentiation of mucosal response
research: can’t separate toxicity from adjuvant
1. cholera toxin (most studied)
2. E. coli heat-labile toxin
3. pertussis toxin
ways to attenuate a virus
- monkey
2. recombinant
