Nutritional disease

Question 1

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Answer 1

pro hormone produced in pituitary

decrease food intake

Question 2

PYY

Answer 2

secreted by endocrine cells in ileum and colon

stimulates POMC/CART neurons in hypothalamus to decrease food intake

Question 3

leptin

Answer 3

stimulates POMC/CART
inhibits NPY/AgRP
decreases food intake, stimulates physical activity, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis
excess can stimulate cell proliferation

Question 4

insulin

Answer 4

anabolic hormone that directs glucose into muscle and adipose

Question 5

ghrelin

Answer 5

produced in stomach

stimulates appetite

Question 6

vitamin A deficiency

Answer 6

squamous metaplasia
bitot spot
xerophthalmia
keratomalacia
corneal ulceration
blindness
loss of mucociliary epithelium: pulmonary infections
desquamation of keratin debris in urinary tract: renal and urinary bladder stones

Question 7

leiomyoma

Answer 7

benign tumor of smooth muscle cells

Question 8

adiponectin

Answer 8

anti-inflammatory cytokine: protects against metabolic syndrome
directs FA to the muscle, decreases FA to liver and decreases liver glucose production
produced exclusively by adipocytes
enhances insulin sensitivity
reduced in metabolic syndrome

Question 9

AdipoR1

Answer 9

receptor that adiponectin binds
skeletal muscle
cAMP-> PKA-> inactivation of acetylCoA carboxylase-> decreased FA synthesis

Question 10

AdipoR2

Answer 10

receptor that adiponectin binds
liver
cAMP-> PKA-> inactivation of acetylCoA carboxylase-> decreased FA synthesis

Question 11

How might obesity lead to tumors?

Answer 11

insulin resistance-> increase insulin and IGF-1-> cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis
decreases IGFBP (IGF binding protein)

Question 12

amylin

Answer 12

secreted from pancreatic beta cells
reduces food intake and weight gain
stimulate POMC/CART neurons

Question 13

mechanisms for cancer due to obesity

Answer 13

1. estrogen
2. IGF-1
3. leptin
4. mTOR
5. inflammation

Question 14

pro-inflammatory cytokines in obesity

Answer 14

1. TNF
2. IL-1
3. IL-6
4. IL-18
5. CRP

Question 15

kwashiorkor

Answer 15

visceral stores (liver) of protein depleted
muscle and SC fat spared
hypoalbuminemia: edema
hyperpigmentation and desquamation, banding of hair, loss of appetite, large fatty liver, mental change
Vit. deficiencies and secondary infections

Question 16

marasmus

Answer 16

somatic stores of protein (skeletal muscle) depleted
loss of muscle and subcutaneous fat
anemia and multiple vit. deficiencies and secondary infections
normal albumin levels

Question 17

anorexia

Answer 17

amenorrhea

*hypokalemia: cardiac arrhythmia

Question 18

cachexia

Answer 18

tumor mediators: proteolysis-inducing factor and lipid-mobilizing factor
Cytokines: TNF (cachectin) and IL-6

Question 19

lipid-mobilizing factor

Answer 19

increases FA oxidation and proclamatory cytokines TNF and IL-6
cytokines cause skeletal muscle break down through NFkB

Question 20

proteolysis-inducing factor

Answer 20

breaks down skeletal muscle through NFkB

Question 21

retinoids

Answer 21

tx: acne, psoriasis, acute promyelocytic leukemia, neuroblastoma

Question 22

regulation of production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in kidney

Answer 22

1. hyypocalcemia->PTH-> activates 1a-hydroxylase (25-OH-D to 1,25)
2. hypophosphatemia-> activates 1a-hydroxylase
3. feedback inhibition-> inhibit 1a-hydroxylase

Question 23

Vit. D

Answer 23

stimulates osteoblasts to syn. osteocalcin

Question 24

osteocalcin

Answer 24

Ca-binding protein, involved in Ca deposition in bone development

Question 25

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Answer 25

1. stimulation of intestinal Ca absorption
2. stimulation of Ca reabsorption in kidney
3. interaction with PTH in regulation of blood Ca

Question 26

POMC/CART neurons

Answer 26

produce anorexigenic neuropeptides: MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and inhibits NPY/AgRP

Question 27

NPY/AgRP neurons

Answer 27

produce orexigenic peptides

feeding-inducing