vaccines

Question 1

4 major types of immunity

Answer 1

passive immunity
active immunity
cross-immunity
herd immunity

Question 1

what is immunity

Answer 1

a host’s ability to resist a particular infectious disease-causing agent and is often referred to as resistance

Question 2

what is natural immunity

Answer 2

species determined, innate resistance to an infectious agent

Question 3

artifically acquired active immunity

Answer 3

-occurs when a individual is given a killed or weakened antigen by vaccine
-vaccines stimulate the formation of antibodies against the antigen
-antigen does not cause the disease, but the body will still manufacture specific antibodies against the disease
-may require booster injection of the vaccine to keep antibody levels high enough to protect the body from disease

Question 4

naturally acquired active immunity

Answer 4

-when a person develops immunity by having a disease and recovering from it

Question 5

passive immunity

Answer 5

immunization through the transfer of a specific antibody from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual

Question 6

herd immunity

Answer 6

the immunity of a group of people
based on a resistance of a high proportion of people of individual members of a group to infection

Question 7

immunization

Answer 7

the process by which individuals or groups are protected from certain diseases by vaccination or the injection of immune globulins

Question 8

antigen

Answer 8

a substance, either a bacterium, virus or foreign protein, that invades the body and stimulated it to produce antibodies

Question 9

antibody

Answer 9

is a globulin (protein) produced by the lymphatic tissue and reticuloendothelial system as a defense against an antigen

Question 10

vaccines

Answer 10

-contain either an attenuated antigen or a killed antigen, which has been developed to create immunity to a certain disease
-although it contains weakened or killed antigens, they do have sufficient strength to cause disease
-most effective method of preventing and controlling communicable disease

Question 11

attenuated

Answer 11

an antigen that had been weakened
-when this type of antigen is given, the individual may experience a few minor symptoms of the disease
-symptoms are almost always milder and usually last for a short time

Question 12

booster

Answer 12

the administration of an additional dose of the vaccine to “boost” the productioon of antibodies to a level that will maintain the desired immunity

Question 13

vaccine preventable diseases

Answer 13

-an infectious disease for which an effect vaccine exists
-controlled but no eradicated
-ex: polio, diphtheria, pertussis, ,measles

Question 14

non-vaccine preventable diseases

Answer 14

no vaccine available to prevent the disease in humans, just treat symptoms
ex: tuberculosis, STI’s, HIV/AIDs

Question 15

8 components of Canada’s vaccine safety system

Answer 15

1.evidenced-based pre-license review and approval process
2.regulations for manufacturers
3.evidence-based vaccine use recommendations
4.immunization competencies training for health care providers
5.pharmacovigilance for adverse events following immunization
6.AEFI causality assessment
7.safety and efficacy signal detection
8.canadian immunization research network special immunization clinics

Question 16

1.evidence-based pre-icense review and approval process

Answer 16

-licensing of vaccines highly regulated
-in-depth reviews and standards
-health canada issues notices of compliance

Question 17

2.good practice standards and regulations for manufacturers

Answer 17

-good labratory practices
-good clinical practices
-good manufacturing practices
-vaccine lot assessment/record
-review of vaccine safety data

Question 18

3.evidence-based vaccine recommendations

Answer 18

-national based advisory commitee on immunization (NACI)
-independent experts
-scrutiny of disease epidemiology, vaccine efficacy, vaccine safety and alternative treatment and prevention options

Question 19

4.immunization competency for health care providers

Answer 19

-immunization guidelines for health professionals
-canadian immunization guide
-newfoundland and labrador immunization module

Question 20

5.pharmacovigilance for adverse events following immunization

Answer 20

-detection
-assessment
-understanding
-prevention
-communication

Question 21

6.AEFIS’s: casualty assessment

Answer 21

-determines if the AEFI was related to vaccination
-carried out by PHAC
-must provide as much information as possible

Question 22

7.vaccine safety and efficacy signal detection

Answer 22

-laws and procedures when a safety issue is detected
vaccine preventable disease outbreaks

Question 23

8.canadian immunization research network special immunization clinics

Answer 23

-staffed by pediatric and adut infectious disease specialists and allergists

Question 24

vaccine hesitancy

Answer 24

refusal or delayed acceptance of vaccination due to fears or anxiety about vaccines
-2019 WHO “ten threats to global health”
-suspicions of big pharma, religion, causality of other conditions

Question 25

what contributes to vaccine hesitancy?

Answer 25

-internet access
-social media
-false information
-absence of disease
-mistrust of pharmaceutical companies
-disbelief of vaccine efficacy
-increase in vaccine hesitancy worldwide

Question 26

how to address vaccine hesitancy

Answer 26

-start early
-present vaccines ad default approach
-build trust
-be honest about A/E
-reassurance
-focus on protecting children/community
-herd immunity does not guarantee personal protection

Question 27

7 key steps in vaccine administration

Answer 27

step 1: requirements prior to vaccine administrations
step2: client assessment
step 3: preparation for vaccine administration
step 4: injection sites and techniques
step 5: post-immunization observation
step 6: immunization records and documentation
step 7: timing of vaccines

Question 28

step 1: prior to vaccine administration (consent for school aged)

Answer 28

-medical directive
-informed consent (primary is signed, school note is sent home)
-signed is not required but parents and clients must always be informed about the benefits and risks of vaccines
-provide time to answer questions

Question 29

consent for immunization

Answer 29

informed consent, risks, side-effects, opportunity to ask questions, capacity to understand
-voluntary
-signer must be able to give an accurate health hx of the child
-signed and dated in ink
consent is valid for 12m (primary series is 24)

Question 30

step 1: prior to vaccine administration

Answer 30

-note expiry date & date opened if multi use
-examine vaccine’s appearance; correct colour, signs of freezing
-know potential adverse affects to be prepared (epi and benadryl)

Question 31

step 2: client assessment screening process

Answer 31

-immunization, health history, current health status
-specific product precautions(product monograph or CIG)
-have they recieved adequate immunizations
-allergies, previous reactions
-currently sick/fever->do not vaccinate

Question 32

step 2: client assessment (special considerations)

Answer 32

-pregnancy and breastfeeding
-neurological disorders
-immune compromised
-bleeding disorders
-prematurity
-previous immunoglobulin
-high risk indications

Question 33

step 3: preparation for vaccine administration

Answer 33

-vaccine contents
-emergency preparedness
-anaphylaxis
-vaccine storage and handling

Question 34

step 3: preparation for vaccine administration (vaccine contents)

Answer 34

-does it contain thimerosal (can cause reaction in some people)
-it is attenuated, killed, or attenuated vaccine?
-was it prepared in embryonated eggs or grown in chick embryo cell culture (no longer an issue)
-does it contain gelatin or neomycin
-what are the other vaccine components

Question 35

step 3: preparation for vaccine administration (management of anaphylaxis in a non-hospital setting)