vaccines Flashcards
4 major types of immunity
passive immunity
active immunity
cross-immunity
herd immunity
what is immunity
a host’s ability to resist a particular infectious disease-causing agent and is often referred to as resistance
what is natural immunity
species determined, innate resistance to an infectious agent
artifically acquired active immunity
-occurs when a individual is given a killed or weakened antigen by vaccine
-vaccines stimulate the formation of antibodies against the antigen
-antigen does not cause the disease, but the body will still manufacture specific antibodies against the disease
-may require booster injection of the vaccine to keep antibody levels high enough to protect the body from disease
naturally acquired active immunity
-when a person develops immunity by having a disease and recovering from it
passive immunity
immunization through the transfer of a specific antibody from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual
herd immunity
the immunity of a group of people
based on a resistance of a high proportion of people of individual members of a group to infection
immunization
the process by which individuals or groups are protected from certain diseases by vaccination or the injection of immune globulins
antigen
a substance, either a bacterium, virus or foreign protein, that invades the body and stimulated it to produce antibodies
antibody
is a globulin (protein) produced by the lymphatic tissue and reticuloendothelial system as a defense against an antigen
vaccines
-contain either an attenuated antigen or a killed antigen, which has been developed to create immunity to a certain disease
-although it contains weakened or killed antigens, they do have sufficient strength to cause disease
-most effective method of preventing and controlling communicable disease
attenuated
an antigen that had been weakened
-when this type of antigen is given, the individual may experience a few minor symptoms of the disease
-symptoms are almost always milder and usually last for a short time
booster
the administration of an additional dose of the vaccine to “boost” the productioon of antibodies to a level that will maintain the desired immunity
vaccine preventable diseases
-an infectious disease for which an effect vaccine exists
-controlled but no eradicated
-ex: polio, diphtheria, pertussis, ,measles
non-vaccine preventable diseases
no vaccine available to prevent the disease in humans, just treat symptoms
ex: tuberculosis, STI’s, HIV/AIDs
8 components of Canada’s vaccine safety system
1.evidenced-based pre-license review and approval process
2.regulations for manufacturers
3.evidence-based vaccine use recommendations
4.immunization competencies training for health care providers
5.pharmacovigilance for adverse events following immunization
6.AEFI causality assessment
7.safety and efficacy signal detection
8.canadian immunization research network special immunization clinics
1.evidence-based pre-icense review and approval process
-licensing of vaccines highly regulated
-in-depth reviews and standards
-health canada issues notices of compliance
2.good practice standards and regulations for manufacturers
-good labratory practices
-good clinical practices
-good manufacturing practices
-vaccine lot assessment/record
-review of vaccine safety data
3.evidence-based vaccine recommendations
-national based advisory commitee on immunization (NACI)
-independent experts
-scrutiny of disease epidemiology, vaccine efficacy, vaccine safety and alternative treatment and prevention options
4.immunization competency for health care providers
-immunization guidelines for health professionals
-canadian immunization guide
-newfoundland and labrador immunization module
5.pharmacovigilance for adverse events following immunization
-detection
-assessment
-understanding
-prevention
-communication
6.AEFIS’s: casualty assessment
-determines if the AEFI was related to vaccination
-carried out by PHAC
-must provide as much information as possible
7.vaccine safety and efficacy signal detection
-laws and procedures when a safety issue is detected
vaccine preventable disease outbreaks
8.canadian immunization research network special immunization clinics
-staffed by pediatric and adut infectious disease specialists and allergists
vaccine hesitancy
refusal or delayed acceptance of vaccination due to fears or anxiety about vaccines
-2019 WHO “ten threats to global health”
-suspicions of big pharma, religion, causality of other conditions
what contributes to vaccine hesitancy?
-internet access
-social media
-false information
-absence of disease
-mistrust of pharmaceutical companies
-disbelief of vaccine efficacy
-increase in vaccine hesitancy worldwide
how to address vaccine hesitancy
-start early
-present vaccines ad default approach
-build trust
-be honest about A/E
-reassurance
-focus on protecting children/community
-herd immunity does not guarantee personal protection
7 key steps in vaccine administration
step 1: requirements prior to vaccine administrations
step2: client assessment
step 3: preparation for vaccine administration
step 4: injection sites and techniques
step 5: post-immunization observation
step 6: immunization records and documentation
step 7: timing of vaccines
step 1: prior to vaccine administration (consent for school aged)
-medical directive
-informed consent (primary is signed, school note is sent home)
-signed is not required but parents and clients must always be informed about the benefits and risks of vaccines
-provide time to answer questions
consent for immunization
informed consent, risks, side-effects, opportunity to ask questions, capacity to understand
-voluntary
-signer must be able to give an accurate health hx of the child
-signed and dated in ink
consent is valid for 12m (primary series is 24)
step 1: prior to vaccine administration
-note expiry date & date opened if multi use
-examine vaccine’s appearance; correct colour, signs of freezing
-know potential adverse affects to be prepared (epi and benadryl)
step 2: client assessment screening process
-immunization, health history, current health status
-specific product precautions(product monograph or CIG)
-have they recieved adequate immunizations
-allergies, previous reactions
-currently sick/fever->do not vaccinate
step 2: client assessment (special considerations)
-pregnancy and breastfeeding
-neurological disorders
-immune compromised
-bleeding disorders
-prematurity
-previous immunoglobulin
-high risk indications
step 3: preparation for vaccine administration
-vaccine contents
-emergency preparedness
-anaphylaxis
-vaccine storage and handling
step 3: preparation for vaccine administration (vaccine contents)
-does it contain thimerosal (can cause reaction in some people)
-it is attenuated, killed, or attenuated vaccine?
-was it prepared in embryonated eggs or grown in chick embryo cell culture (no longer an issue)
-does it contain gelatin or neomycin
-what are the other vaccine components
step 3: preparation for vaccine administration (management of anaphylaxis in a non-hospital setting)
