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community health > class 7-8 > Flashcards

class 7-8 Flashcards

1
Q

what does community assessment mean

A

-the process of critically examining the characteristics, resources, assets, needs and opportunities of a community
-collaboration with that community
-develop strategies to improve the health and well-being of the community

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2
Q

what is a communtiy assessment

A

a logical systematic approach to:
-clarify concerns
-identifying constraints
-understand the economic, political, and social factors
-examine determinants of health affecting the community

basically: who has a need, how important it is and how many people are affected

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3
Q

approaches to community assessment

A

-epidemiological approach: statistics/data
-needs based approach: issues/concerns brought forward
-demographic approach: age group
-community health profile: SDOH, age, socioeconomic factors
-community development approach: community tries to take collective action

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4
Q

what is a needs assessment

A

-systematic, appraisal of the type, depth, and nature of health needs/problems as perceived by clients, health providers (or both) in a community

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5
Q

a comprehensive needs assessment approach

A

an extensive systematic process to assess all community aspects

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6
Q

a problem-orientated approach

A

assess a community based on a specific health concern

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7
Q

a single-population approach

A

an assessment of one population group (aggregate) in a community

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8
Q

a familiarization approach

A

uses existing data on a community such as a census data, surveys, or health reports

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9
Q

community assessment process

A

-assessment
-planning
-implementation
-evaluation

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10
Q

data collection, CHN must decide

A

-what assessment approach is relevant
-what information is most important to collect
-the data sources most appropriate to use

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11
Q

data collection: community as a partner perspective

A

involves: community participates/collaborates in all stages of assessment through evaluation
CHN’s must have purposeful interaction with others professionals, most importantly, the community members

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12
Q

first step to data collection

A

CHN must first gain acceptance into the community - biggest challenge of assessment

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13
Q

felt need

A

what people say they need
-community member opinion

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14
Q

expressed need

A

what people say they need turn into action
-community member opinion

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15
Q

normative need

A

needs determined by experts
-professional opinion

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16
Q

comparative need

A

needs determined by comparing resources or services of one group or area with other similar group or area
-based on precedent

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17
Q

secondary data

A

reviewing existing, readily available data
e.g. census data
-community assessment assignement

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18
Q

primary data

A

creating data that do not already exist
e.g. doing a survey, community forum
-windshield survey assignment

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19
Q

assessment of individuals/families - CHNC standards

A

data is related to the individual and/or family and is collected via interviews, physical assessment & charts with the purpose of addressing immediate need

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20
Q

assessment of groups/communities/populations

A

-data collection may be related to groups, communities, & systems e.g. epidemiology
-data collection via interviews, surveys, & focus groups or secondary sources for the purpose of collecting info from a variety of health, social, & economic sources to improve the population’s health

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21
Q

quantitative methods - assessment tools

A

-describe extent of social phenomena
-often utilize close ended questions
-some open ended

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22
Q

qualitative methods - assessment tools

A

-explore underlying rationale of attitudes/behaviours
-utilize open ended questions

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23
Q

secondary analysis of existing data

A

-previously gather information
-extremely valuable as it saves time/effort
e.g. public documents, census data, health surveillance, meeting minutes

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24
Q

examples of secondary data (review of existing data)

A

lit review
social indicators
service use

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25
Q

examples of primary data (creating new data)

A

windshield survey
participant observation
key informant interviews
focus groups
community forum
surveys

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26
Q

use of a literature review

A

can highlight needs and strengths of a community similar to the one you are targeting
-can identify programs and services offered elsewhere with similar client groups, and the results of those processes
-can assist in the development of your needs assessment
issues need to be validated

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27
Q

social indicators

A

-demographic data
-epidemiological data
-family patterns
-social conditions
-found in census data and other reports; local, provincial, and national govt reports & health agency reports

28
Q

community accounts

A

-provides users with a single comprehensive source of community, regional, and provincial data
-hundreds of communities included
-neighbourhood accounts available too

29
Q

databases for social indicators

A

-the NL centre for Health information(NLCHI)
-Canadian intitute for health information(CIHI)
-stats Canada, census profile
-canadian community health survey

30
Q

service use

A

review of agency administrative data
-who does/doesnt use service
-what are most/least used
-referals to/from organization
-wait lists

31
Q

participant observation

A

-taking part in and observing life of the community
e.g. engaging in community volunteer activities, notice community norms, beliefs values etc

32
Q

focus group

A

-“focused” dicussion with 6-12 individuals
-individuals are specifically chosen
-usually semi-structured
-informal/freedom of expression important

33
Q

community forum

A

-general “town hall” meeting
-can be more open/inclusive
-needs to be well-structured
-not representative
-should not be used alone

34
Q

surveys must consider:

A

-purpose
-resources/timeframe
-information needed
-format: open ended questions vs closed ended

35
Q

delivery of surveys

A

-mail
-email
-in person
-online
-telephone

36
Q

the planning process of data collection: community health programs should-

A

-be planned based on the findings of a community health assessment
-have an organized approach to identify and choose interventions to meet specific goals & objectives
-be acceptable, accessible, equitable, efficient, and effective

37
Q

planning - objectives

A

-precise statements which indicate the means to achieve the desired outcome or goal
-must be S.M.A.R.T

38
Q

Communtiy diagnosis

A

-purpose is to define existing problems, barriers to health, and gaps in services, determine priorities for action, and set the stage for intervention and evaluation
-can also be used to describe wellness attributes and community opportunities
-are action-orientated and aimed at increasing collective competence and community capacity

39
Q

4 parts of community nursing diagnosis

A
  1. issue description, problem, response, or state
  2. statement regarding the aggregate, population, or community focus
  3. related factors to the host or the environment
  4. S&S that are characteristics of the issue, problem, response, or state
40
Q

planning: prioritizing/ranking

A

-occurs after identification and analysis of all health concerns
-select the “key issue of concern”
-prioritizing/ranking the health concern that the community and CHN would work on collaboratively

41
Q

health program

A

consists of a variety of planned activities to address the assessed health concerns of clients over time
-builds on strengths
-based on assessment

42
Q

2 social change theories

A

lewin’s stages of planned change
diffusion of innovation theory

43
Q

3 stages of lewins theory of planned change

A

1.unfreezing
2.moving process
3.refreezing

44
Q

lewins theory of planned change -
#1 unfreezing

A

identification of need for change

45
Q

lewins theory of planned change - #2 moving process

A

identification of problems; consideration of alternatives and adaptation of plan to circumstances

46
Q

lewins theory of planned change - #3 refreezing

A

implementation of the plan, stabilization of the situation

47
Q

diffusion of innovation theory

A

provides guidance on effective ways to encourage clients to adopt ideas, practices, program, products that are considered “new” and are adopted in a community or society
-individuals adopt innovations at different rates
-conditions should be compatible, flexible, simplistic

48
Q

diffusion of innovation theory %’s

A

2.5- innovators
13.5-early adopters
34-early majority
34-late majority
15-laggards

49
Q

role of CHN as a change agent

A

-can take a lead role in implementing programs
-if community is overwhelmed with chronic or episodic event, lacking in resources, or there is an imminent risk

50
Q

role of CHN as a change partner

A

-works with a community to identify their issues, choose solutions, develop skills, and advocate for change
-enables the community

51
Q

2 program planning models

A

PRECEDE-PROCEED model
-program logic model(PLM)

52
Q

PRECEDE-PROCEED model

A

9 phases
PRECEDE (phases1-5): assessment & planning
-factors that occur before program implementation
-set direction and objectives
PROCEED(phases6-9): implementation and evaluation
-factors that support program implementation
-program intervention
-evaluation

52
Q

PRECEDE-PROCEED model emphasizes 2 basic assumptions:

A
  1. health and health risks are caused by multiple factors (DOH)
    2.efforts to effect change must be multidimensional, multisectoral, & participatory
53
Q

PRECEDE-PROCEED model phases 1-5(PRECEDE)

A

1: social assessment
2:epidemiological assessment
3:behavioural and environmental assessment
4: educational and ecological assessment
5:administrative policy assessment

54
Q

PREDECE-PROCEED model phases 6-9 (PROCEED)

A

6:implementation
7:process evaluation
8:impact evaluation
9:outcome evaluation

55
Q

the program logic model

A

-used in health care as a planning and evaluation framework
-depicts the components of a program in logical sequence from start to end
-clarifies program input, output, and outcomes related to a specific health issue

56
Q

the program logic model - input

A

what we invest

57
Q

the program logic model - output

A

what we do
who we reach

58
Q

the program logic model - outcomes

A

what the short/medium term results are
what the ultimate impact(s) si

59
Q

the program logic model - assumptions

A

based on value/success of program implemented

60
Q

the program logic model - external factors

A

factors that influence implementation of the plan

61
Q

Gantt chart

A

used to visiualize timeline and implementation of SMART goals developed

62
Q

program evaluation

A

-the appraisal of the effects of some organized activity/program
-begins in planning stage
-shows relevance, progress, effectiveness, adequacy, efficiency, sustainability

63
Q

impact evaluation

A

immediate impact of the program on the target group
-using a tool to measure

64
Q

primary data in program evaluation

A

program clients/community
i.e.written surveys, interviews, observations

65
Q

secondary data in program evaluation

A

program records
i.e. clinical records, social indicators

community health (18 decks)

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