Vaccines Flashcards
why should animals be vaccinated?
protection from life threatening clinical disease
who is protected when animals are vaccinated?
the individual
the animal population by achieving heard immunity
the human population (zoonosis)
when is herd immunity achieved?
when 70% of the population is vaccinated against a disease
what is the risk vs benefit calculation with vaccination?
disease vs adverse reaction from vaccine
what is the name for homeoprophylaxis that is used by some in place of a vaccine?
nosodes - is not a vaccine!
define vaccine
a substance that is administered in order to stimulate an immune response and immunological memory in the host against a particular disease
define immunity
protection from a disease
how what are the 2 ways immunity can be acquired other than infection and recovery?
active
passive
what is active immunity?
that which is acquired through vaccination
what is passive immunity?
that which is acquired through maternally derived antibodies
what is an antigen?
a substance which the immune system produces antibodies against
what does an antigen form part of in an vaccine?
active component - usually part/an infectious agent
what are antigens used in as well as for vaccines?
cancer therapy
de-sensitisation programmes for allergies
what is an antibody?
an immunoglobulin that is part of the specific immune attach against a specific antigen
what is serology?
blood test to measure the level of antibodies in the blood against a specific infectious organism
what does serology measure?
level of antibodies in the blood
what will a positive antibody result in serology correlate with in some diseases?
the level of protection that the animal has
what is the difference between mucosal immunity and cell mediated immunity?
mucosal is antibodies found on mucosal surface, cell mediated is related to T Cells
what is titre a measure of?
the level of antibody in the blood
what are the 2 types of vaccines?
infectious (live)
non-infectious (killed)
what are infectious vaccines also known as?
live
modified live (MLV)
live attenuated
what is the animal vaccinated with when they are given a live vaccine?
modified/attenuated (reduced pathogenicity) whole organism of the disease you are vaccinating against
what does the live vaccine do within the body?
circulates
infects
replicates
what is caused by a live vaccine?
low level infection
what sort of immune response does a live vaccine result in?
strong
how frequent does re-administration of live vaccines need to be?
less frequent than inactivated
what are non-infectious vaccines known as?
killed
inactivated
what is the animal vaccinated with when they are given a inactivated vaccine?
whole organism (or sometimes subunit) of the disease being vaccinated against that is killed or inert
what is contained in subunit inactivated vaccines?
antigen from the organism
what are the newer inactivated vaccines that are available?
recombinant
naked DNA
do inactivated vaccines cause infection?
no
what is required within inactivated vaccines to stimulate an immune response?
adjuvants
what is required to maintain immunity from an inactivated vaccine?
multiple doses and more frequent readministration
how should vaccines be stored?
varies between vaccines - check data sheet
what is the most common storage location for vaccines?
refridgerated
what temperature must refrigerated vaccines be stored at?
2-8 degrees C
how are vaccines classically delivered?
SQ
what are the other routes of vaccine delivery?
intra-nasally
IM
orally
what must happen before an animal receives a vaccine?
health check with the vets
why are the vaccines within the CORE vaccinations programme needed?
due to prevalence
what are the vaccines in the canine CORE vaccination programme (UK)?
Distemper (CDV)
Hepatitis (Adenovirus)
Parvovirus (CPV-2)
Leptospira spp.
what form of vaccine are the Distemper (CDV), Hepatitis (Adenovirus) and Parvovirus (CPV-2) vaccines?
MLV
what other form of vaccine can CDV come in?
recombinant
what form of vaccine is the Leptospira spp.?
inactivated
when does protection from maternally derived antibodies begin to wear off?
between 6 and 16 weeks
when does the WSAVA say the ideal initial puppy vaccination should take place?
@6-8 weeks
according to the WSAVA what is the correct puppy vaccination protocol?
initial at 6-8 weeks then q2-4 weeks until 16 weeks
in practice when is the first canine vaccine usually given?
6-8 weeks (check datasheet)
in practice when is the second vaccine usually given?
2-4 weeks later
how old must the puppy be before the second vaccine can be given?
no younger than 10 weeks
why are multiple doses of CORE vaccines needed over a period of time for puppies?
to ensure adequate protection at all times without giving to early and risking maternal antibodies destroying the vaccine and too late and risking serious infection due to immune gap
when does WSAVA advise the last vaccine of a puppy course be given?
no earlier than 16 weeks of age
describe the protocol for leptospirosis vaccines of puppies
2 doses, 2-4 weeks apart
what are leptospirosis vaccines usually given alongside?
viral components of CORE vaccine
what are the 2 types of leptospirosis vaccine?
L2
L4
what is included in the L2 vaccine?
L. canicola
L.icterohaemorrhagiae
what is included in the L4 vaccine?
L. canicola L.icterohaemorrhagiae and 2 of: L. bratislava L. dadas L. grippotyphosa
how are the viral and leptospirosis components of the vaccine usually given in one syringe?
liquid fraction from leptospirosis is used to dissolve viral pellet
when is the first canine adult annual vaccine?
at 12 months
how often are CDV, CAV-2 and CPV-2 vaccines given in adult canines?
every 3 years or governed by titre testing
how often are leptospirosis vaccines given in adult canines?
annually or q6 months in high risk areas
if an animal recovers from leptospirosis infection is vaccination still required?
yes
what are the non- CORE canine vaccinations available?
kennel cough canine parainfluenza (CPiV) Canine herpes virus coronavirus rabies
how is the kennel cough vaccine administered?
intranasal
what form of vaccine is the kennel cough vaccine?
MLV, live
what can the kennel cough vaccine be given in combination with?
CPiV and CAV-2
what is the modified element found in the kennel cough vaccine?
Bordetella bronchosepta
why is there a human risk with the kennel cough vaccine?
humans can become infected with bordetella if they come into contact with the vaccine
what is canine parainfluenza (CPiV) vaccine sometimes included with?
some CORE vaccines
who most often vaccinates against canine herpes virus?
almost exclusively breeders
when is the coronavirus vaccine given to dogs?
endemically infected kennels
when are rabies vaccines given in the UK?
for travel
what vaccines are included in the feline CORE vaccinations?
Feline herpes virus (FHV-1)
feline calici virus (FCV)
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)
what is the common 4th component of feline CORE vaccinations?
feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)
what type of vaccines are the 3 CORE feline vaccines?
MLV
what type of vaccine is the feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) vaccine?
recombinant or killed
when does the WSAVA suggest initial feline vaccinations should be given?
6-8 weeks
according to the WSAVA what is the correct kitten vaccination protocol?
initial @ 6-8 weeks then q2-4 weeks until 16 weeks
when is the first kitten vaccine usually given in practice?
8-9 weeks
when is the second kitten vaccine usually given in practice?
3-4 weeks later, no earlier than 12 weeks of age
when does WSAVA advise that the last vaccine of a kitten course be given?
no earlier than 16 weeks of age
when does the first feline adult vaccination occur?
at 12 months
how often is FPV vaccine given to adult cats?
every 3 years or governed by titre testing
how often are adult cats vaccinated against FHV-1 and FCV?
annually or possibly every 3 years if low risk
what are the main non-core feline vaccines?
feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) chlamydia felis bordetella bronchiseptica feline coronavirus (FCoV) rabies
when may chlamydia felis vaccine be needed?
multicat households
what type of vaccine should be used during pregnancy?
killed / inactivated
what is the frequency of vaccine adverse events?
ultimately is low
what should vaccine adverse events be reported to?
veterinary medicines directive
what are the mild signs of vaccine adverse effects?
transient pyrexia
lethargy
inappetance
local swelling
when are mild vaccine adverse effects seen?
2-3 days post vaccine in younger animals especially
what are the possible severe vaccine adverse effects?
anaphylaxis
feline injection site sarcoma (FISS)
what are the main signs of anaphylaxis?
distributive shock
dyspnoea
vomiting
pitting oedema (fluid build up)
where do feline injection site sarcomas appear?
arise at sight of prior injection
what is the prognosis of feline injection site sarcomas?
tend to be aggressive and metastasize quickly
why do vaccines carry slightly more risk of FISS than other injections?
adjuvants and lower temperature of drug at administration that are commonly seen with vaccines
what state should animals be in at the time of vaccination?
healthy and clinically well
what drugs should be checked for in an animals history before they are vaccinated?
steroids
immunosuppressives
what can be done if there is strong evidence of a prior vaccine reaction?
give a different manufacturer
try component vaccines
when are the occasions when vaccination should not happen?
animal not clinically well at time of appointment
on steroids or immunosuppressants
strong evidence of prior vaccine reaction
if the animal is already infected with the disease
if the animal has recovered from natural infection with the disease (in the case of viruses)
