Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

X Clinical Veterinary Nursing Theory > Equine Reproduction > Flashcards

Equine Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

when do fillies and colts become mares and stallions?

A

filly <2 years female

colt <4 years entire male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an embryo?

A

conceptus under 50 days old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a foetus?

A

conceptus over 50 days old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type of oestrus do mares have?

A

seasonally polyoestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when doe mares naturally cycle?

A

spring to autumn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is mare cycle simulated and stopped by?

A

brought on by increasing day length and cease as days shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how long is a mares oestrus cycle?

A

21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what hormone causes the regression of the corpus luteum?

A

prostaglandin f2 alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why do mares need to foal in early spring/summer?

A

need foal to grow before winter

UK weather is unpredictable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when should mares be covered?

A

during the month after the month you wish them to foal in next year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is it advantageous for thoroughbreds to be born early in the year?

A

when racing they race against all horses born in the same year as them
if born later they are less mature and less strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when do breeders aim for their thoroughbred mares to foal?

A

after 1st January (to avoid being very young in their year) but close to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when are thoroughbred mares covered from?

A

valantines day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are thoroughbred mares manipulated to come into season early?

A

lights and drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can ovulation be induced in mares when they are sent to stud after their foal is born?

A

use of prostaglandin which causes corpus luteum regression and cycle within 2-3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the pre-breeding checks performed on a mare before or when she arrives at stud?

A

general health (clinical exam)
presence of strangles
reproductive health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is the reproductive health of the mare checked before or on arrival at stud?

A

clitoral fossa and sinus swabs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what swabs should be used for clitoral fossa and sinus swabs?

A

ENT as smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what must clitoral fossa and sinus swabs be transported to the lab in?

A

Amies charcoal - prevents bacterial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are clitoral swabs of mares checking for?

A

taylorella equigenitalis
pseudomonas aeruginosa
kiebsiella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is caused by taylorella equigenitalis?

A

contagious equine metritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is significant about contagious equine metritis?

A

notifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how must clitoral fossa and sinus samples be sent to the lab?

A

name, date, time and site of sample

ensure swabs in date and sample is sent quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the pre-breeding checks performed at stud?

A

endometrial swabs for cytology and culture and sensitivity
ultrasound scan of ovaries
ultrasound scan of uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are you looking for on a pr-breeding scan of the ovaries?

A

follicle developmet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are you looking for on a pre-breeding scan of the uterus?

A

free fluid

cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is teasing?

A

testing whether a mare is in season (behavioral oestrus) by seeing if she is receptive to a male horse at her head or rear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what stallion is normally used as a teaser stallion?

A

pony stallion
often low value and cheap to keep
sometimes use the stud stallion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the oestrus behaviours in mares?

A 
lifts tail
winks vulva
squirts urine
wide legged stance
acceptance of male presence
doesn't kick out at stallion
tolerates stallion attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the response to oestrus behaviour seen by stallions?

A 
phlemen posture (vomeronasal organ)
sniffs, nuzzles then bites hindlimbs and perinuem
drops penis
penile erection
will cover mare if allowed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

when can the best time to cover a mare be determined?

A

ultrasound which shows larger follicle, uterine oedema that is beginning to wane and no free fluid in uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how large should the follicle be pre ovulation?

A

approx 5cm diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how should the mare be prepped when viewing her cervix?

A

clean perineum with warm soapy water - no hibi or iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how is cervix visualised?

A

speculum and torch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does the cervix look like during oestrus?

A

red
engorged
saggy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does the cervix look like in dioestrus?

A

pale
small
tight
high up off vestibule floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what method of covering must be used to be weatherbys registered?

A

natural (AI not permissable)

covering certificate will be issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what may the stallion handler do during covering to ensure ejaculation has occurred?

A

palpate ventral penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when does in hand covering occur?

A

once teasing and scanning has determined appropriate time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what safety equipment is needed for covering in hand?

A

human - hat, gloves, boots
mare - wither guard, hind boots, bridle, hobbles, tail bandage
stallion - specific bridle/chain, lunge line, fore feet boots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what should be done the day following covering?

A

tease or ultrasound to see if still in oestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what will happen if the mare is still in oestrus following covering?

A

may cover again (ideally every other day of oestrus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what will happen if the mare is not in oestrus following covering?

A

manage as normal
tease again from 18 days
ultrasound from 12 days to see if pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where does unassisted covering occur?

A

in herd or individual
short term or permanent (e.g. native herds)
free in field and supervised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how is unassisted covering managed?

A

timings determined by horses
less control / human intervention
natural
unsure fo exact dates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are the 3 types of AI semen available?

A

fresh - local stallion
chilled - stallion in country
frozen - globally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how is semen collected for AI?

A

using a dummy and AV (integral or separate)

use towel soaked in in season mares urine or have an in season mare nearby to encourage stallion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

is semen collection often performed using a mare?

A

no - ethically questionable
need sedation and repeated restraint
dummy much more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is found in an artificial vagina?

A 
filled with warm water 
lined
lubricated
insulated 
semen collection vessel on end
filter between chamber and semen collection pot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what temperature should the water in an AV be?

A

crucial

38 degrees but varies between stallions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what must not be mixed with semen in an AV?

A

water - will destroy semen

52
Q

what may be included to preserve semen?

A

extender - acts as a buffer to stabilise sperm

53
Q

how is timing of AI managed?

A

based on ultrasound scans when a large follicle is present in the ovary

54
Q

if ovulation is induced how can AI be managed?

A

fixed time insemination 36-40 hours after injection of HCG

55
Q

what is the typical dose of sperm AI?

A

100-500 x10^6 progressively motile sperm

56
Q

how is AI performed?

A

use speculum or hand per vaginum to guide catheter in
place catheter inside uterus through cervix
instill semen

57
Q

where are the 2 main locations semen may be placed in the uterine body?

A 
conventional (60 cm catheter)
deep horn (75cm catheter)
58
Q

how is the mare managed post covering / AI?

A

removal of free fluid associated with semen, extender and inflammatory reaction
vulvoplasty / caslicks procedure if needed
monitor with ultrasound
ensure uterus is ready for implantation of uterus within 5 days

59
Q

how is removal of free fluid associated with semen, extender and inflammatory reaction performed in the mare post covering / AI?

A

lavage with sterile isotonic fluid (Hartmann’s)

induce uterine contractions and encourage movement to hepl remove fluid

60
Q

what is the purpose of a vulvoplasty / caslicks procedure?

A

prevent air, faecal material from entering vestibule and causing ascending infection

61
Q

when is embryo transfur performed?

A

on a 7-10 day blastocyst

62
Q

what is complex about embryo transfer?

A

donor and recipient must be synchronised
requires expertise
expensive

63
Q

how is pregnancy diagnosed?

A

ultrasound
failure to return to oestrus
blood sample
urine sample

64
Q

when can ultrasound confirm pregnancy in horses?

A

12 days but care with twins so many wait till 14-16 days

65
Q

when does failure to return to oestrus indicate pregnancy?

A

at 21 days post covering

66
Q

when can blood samples show pregnancy in mares?

A

equine corionic gonadotrophin at 60 days

oestone sulphate from 120 days

67
Q

what is the advantage of oestone sulphate over equine chorionic gonadotrophin in diagnosing pregnancy?

A

indicator of live foal as it is produced by foetal placental unit
eCG can be raised with pseudopregnancy

68
Q

when can a urine sample indicate pregnancy?

A

from 120 days - placental oestrogens

69
Q

what are the conception rates in horses?

A

approx 80%

70
Q

why are twins so often aborted?

A

when demands of foals exceed placental surface area capacity to provide required nutrients and oxygen

71
Q

how may twins be born?

A

non - identical
rarely survive - often abort
may be mummified foetus born with live foal

72
Q

what should be done if twins are identified on ultrasound?

A

one or both should be terminated

73
Q

how is termination of twins performed?

A

pinching of one at 14-18 days

prostaglandin to terminate both

74
Q

what is the risk with pinching one twin?

A

may terminate both

75
Q

when must a twin be terminated?

A

before endometrial cups sustain pregnancy (day 35) otherwise both must be terminated

76
Q

what should a mare with twins be scanned for following pinching?

A

check there is a single one remaining

look if there are uterine cysts

77
Q

how long does pregnancy last for?

A

~340 days / 11m 11d

78
Q

when is a foal classed as premature?

A

310-325 days

79
Q

when is a foal non-viable?

A

earlier than 310 days - abortion

80
Q

what are the signs of imminent foaling?

A

udder development - waxing up, dripping milk
mares vulva relaxes
increased sweating (foaling alarms)

81
Q

is dystocia common in horses?

A

no - usually rapid and uncomplicated delivaries

82
Q

what must be done if complications do arise during foaling?

A

rapid action to save foal and mare

c-section is possible under GA

83
Q

how long does stage 1 last for in mares?

A

1-4 hours

84
Q

what occurs during stage 1 of labor?

A

foal enters pelvic canal
stimulation of dilation of cervix and vagina
progressive uterine contractions of increasing strength run from tip of uterus to cervix to psuh foal and placenta in correct direction

85
Q

what are the signs of stage 1 labour in mares?

A 
restless
getting up and down
looking at abdomen
sweating
frequent urination
86
Q

what should be done while the mare is in stage 1 labour?

A

wash perineum
bandage tail
reverse caslicks (epesiotomy)

87
Q

how long does stage 2 of labour last for?

A

15 to 30 mins max

88
Q

what happens during stage 2 of labour?

A

allantois ruptures at cervical star releasing fluids
strong contractions from uterus
voluntary contractions from abdomen
amnion becomes visible with foal inside
foal presents 2 forefeet and head
hindlimbs will remain in uterus while mare rests

89
Q

what does the time while the mare rests with the hindlimbs of the foal undelivered do?

A

gives time for blood to return from the placenta to the foal

90
Q

what happens when the mare stands after the foal is delivered?

A

umbilicus breaks

91
Q

how long does stage 3 of labor last?

A

<3 hours

92
Q

what happens during stage 3 of labour?

A

contractions of uterus from tip to cervix to invert placenta and expel it along with lochia (fluids)

93
Q

what should you do if the placenta has been retained for more than 3 hours?

A

urgent veterinary advice sought

can cause endotoxaemia and laminitis

94
Q

how many layers does the equine placenta have?

A

6

95
Q

what are the 6 layers of the equine placenta?

A 
chorionic capillary epithelium
chorionic connective tissue
chorionic epithelium
endometrial epithelium
uterine connective tissue
uterine capillary endothelium
96
Q

what layers of the placental are the foetal membranes?

A

chorionic capillary epithelium
chorionic connective tissue
chorionic epithelium

97
Q

what are the maternal layers of the placenta?

A

endometrial epithelium
uterine connective tissue
uterine capillary endothelium

98
Q

what type of placenta do mares have?

A

epitheliochorial

99
Q

what does a non-deciduate placenta mean?

A

fetal and maternal layers are seperate

100
Q

what is a diffuse placenta?

A

one with villi spread over virtually all of the placenta apart from endometrial cysts, cervical star or twin to twin contact

101
Q

what must be ensured about the placenta?

A

is passed in entireity

102
Q

how can you be sure the placenta has all been passed?

A

collect from stable before traumatised
examine external and internal surface
fill with fluid to see if there are any tears - indication of complete removal

103
Q

where is a placenta likely to be retained?

A

non-pregnant uterine horn

104
Q

what is the 1, 2, 3 rule of foals?

A

stands in 1hr
drinks in 2hr
placenta passed in 3hr

105
Q

what is defined as dystocia in mares?

A

once allantochorion ruptures (water breaking0
no amnion or foal at vulva within 5 mins
no strong contractions within 10 mins
foal makes no progression over a 5 minute period - viewed or palpated

106
Q

what are the options if dystocia occurs?

A 
vaginal assisted delivery
controlled vaginal delivery
c-section
embryotomy
euthanasia of mare following crash c-section under GA
107
Q

if using vaginal assisted delivery when should referral occur?

A

if no progress within 5minutes

if not out in 30 minutes

108
Q

what is the treatment of dystocia determined by?

A

cost
live foal/dead foal
owner
vet

109
Q

what can happen while a controlled vaginal delivery is taking place within hospital?

A

mare will be prepped for a c-section in case the vet cannot deliver the foal vaginally

110
Q

what position is best for controlled vaginal delivery in the hospital setting?

A

GA

hindlimbs elevated to allow the foal to be manipulated

111
Q

what does the survival of c-section in an emergency depend on?

A

time of onset of stage 2 and proximity to hospital so speed of delvary

112
Q

what are the survival rates for elective C-section?

A

90% survival of mare and foal

113
Q

what horses require a passport?

A

all horses born after 2005

114
Q

what horses must be microchipped?

A

all horses applying for passport since 2009

115
Q

since 2018 what has been the rule about microchips?

A

all horses now need a microchip irrespective of time of birth and passport

116
Q

what regulations govern passports?

A

horse passports regulations 2009

117
Q

what is issued to a horse with it’s passport?

A

unique 15 digits life number

118
Q

what is a passport required for?

A

travel
selling the horse
slaughtering

119
Q

what section of the passport declares whether a horse is fit for human consumption?

A

section IX or 2

120
Q

who can issue passports?

A 
many passport issuing organisations (PIO)
breed 
discipline
colour
may be studbook inclusion
121
Q

what are the 2 registers governed by wetherbys?

A

thoroughbred

non-thoroughbred

122
Q

when should the application for a passport be made after the horse is born?

A

december 31st of year born
when foal is 6 months
whichever is later

123
Q

what is required on the passport application form?

A 
owner details
microchip number
ID certificate (can include photos)
owner and competant authority
vet stamp
124
Q

where are microchips placed in horses?

A

into nuchal ligament

125
Q

describe how to place a microchip in a horse?

A

scan neck to ensure no chip present
scan chip to check the number
insert the chip into the nuchal ligament
scan neck to check placement

X Clinical Veterinary Nursing Theory (70 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions