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X Clinical Veterinary Nursing Theory > Positioning for Veterianary Radiography > Flashcards

Positioning for Veterianary Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral thorax

A

right lateral recumbancy
forelegs pulled cranially
hindlegs and neck restrained with sandbags
wedge under sternum

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2
Q

where should the beam be centred for imaging of the lateral thorax?

A

caudal boarder of scapula half to 2/3 of the way down the thorax (depending on chest depth)

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3
Q

describe collimation for imaging of the lateral thorax

A

ventral and dorsal skin edges

front of shoulder and caudal edge of sternum

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4
Q

what is shown in this image?

A

lateral thorax

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5
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of DV/VD thorax

A

sternal (DV) or dorsal (VD) recumbancy
support forelegs so not overhanging thorax
rotate until straight from head to toe

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6
Q

what is the centering point for imaging of the DV thorax

A

midline at highest point of scapulae

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7
Q

what is the centering point for VD thorax?

A

middle of sternum on midline

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8
Q

describe collimation for DV/VD thorax

A

all of lungs and edges of chest wall

last rib to thoracic inlet and skin edges

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9
Q

what positioning aid may be useful for VD/DV?

A

trough

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10
Q

describe the projection in this image

A

DV/VD thorax

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11
Q

if lateral and DV/VD projections are needed what should be done first?

A

DV/VD to prevent collapse of lower lung affecting the resultant image

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12
Q

what projection should never be attempted in a dyspnoeic animal?

A

VD view

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13
Q

what stage of respiration should DV/VD thorax be taken at?

A

inspiration

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14
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral abdomen

A

right lateral recumbancy
wedge under sternum
forelegs positioned cranially and secured
hindlegs held parallel with pad (prevent rotation) pulled caudally and sandbagged
sandbag over neck

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15
Q

why might some images of lateral abdomen be taken in left lateral?

A

alter gas distribution in stomach

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16
Q

where should lateral abdomen exposures be centred?

A

level of last rib (cranial to last rib in large animals), halfway down abdominal wall

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17
Q

describe collimation of lateral abdomen imaging

A

dorsal and ventral skin edges

cranial margin of the diaphragm and the pubic brim

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18
Q

when should the exposure for lateral abdomen be taken?

A

at expiration to minimise movement

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19
Q

what projection is shown in this image?

A

lateral abdomen

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20
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the VD abdomen

A

dorsal recumbancy
legs held with sandbags
rotate animal until it lies straight

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21
Q

where should the VD abdomen be centred?

A

the level of the umbilicus (caudal aspect of costal arch) along the midline

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22
Q

describe collimation of VD abdomen images

A

lateral skin edges

entire diaphragm and pubic symphasis

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23
Q

what x ray projection is shown in this image

A

VD abdomen

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24
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of DP hock and carpus

A

animal in sternal

limb is extended and rotated until straight

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25
Q

where are DP hock and carpus images centred?

A

over the joint

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26
Q

describe collimation for DP hock and carpus

A

include soft tissues and 1/3 of adjacent long bones

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27
Q

what projection is seen in this image?

A

DP carpus

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28
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of mediolateral hock and carpus

A

the side to be radiographed is placed down in contact with the cassette
opposing leg pulled back and sandbagged

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29
Q

where should mediolateral hock and carpus images be centred?

A

over the joint

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30
Q

describe collimation of mediolateral hock and carpus images

A

include proximal phalanges and the distal part of the tibia/ radiu

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31
Q

what projection is seen in this image?

A

mediolateral hock

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32
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the mediolateral elbow and stifle

A

affected joint downwards in contact with cassette
the opposing leg is pulled back and held with sandbags
joint is flexed/extended or neutral

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33
Q

where should images of mediolateral elbow and stifle be centred?

A

over the joint

34
Q

describe collimation of mediolateral elbow and stifle

A

include distal / proximal ends of long bones

35
Q

what is the projection shown in this image?

A

mediolateral elbow

36
Q

what views of the elbow may be necessary?

A

flexed and extended

37
Q

what is shown in flexed (<45 degrees) view of the elbow?

A

anconeal process and humeral epicondyles

38
Q

what is shown in extended (`120 degrees) view of the elbow?

A

cranial aspect of radial head and humeroradial joint space

39
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the cranio-caudal elbow

A

in sternal with leg exteded
head directed away from limb under examination

horizontal beam: lateral recumbancy with limb to be examined uppermost supported by a pad

40
Q

where should centering be on a cranio-caudal elbow view?

A

over the joint

41
Q

describe collimation of cranio-caudal elbow views

A

1/3 humerus and antebrachium

42
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the caudocranial/craniocaudal stifle

A

animal in sternal with leg pulled out caudally (caudo-cranial)
in dorsal with limb under exam extended (cranio-caudal)

43
Q

where should caudo-cranial / craniocaudal stifle views be centred?

A

below patella

44
Q

describe collimation of caudocranial / craniocaudal stifle

A

proximal tibia and distal femur included

45
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of VD pelvis

A

animal in dorsal recumbancy
legs extended and rotated internally until stifles are straight
tie legs and tail
support hocks on pad and weigh down

46
Q

where should images of VD pelvis be centred?

A

over the pubis at level of greater trochanters

47
Q

how can rotation of the pelvis be detected on an image?

A

larger obturator foramen is the higher one - should be symmetrical

48
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the mediolateral shoulder

A

limb under examination placed nearest to film
draw limb forwards to extend shoulder
head and neck extended with sandbags
upper limb retracted and secured

49
Q

where should mediolateral views of the shoulder be centred?

A

the level of and caudal to the greater tuberosity

50
Q

what projection is seen in this image?

A

mediolateral shoulder

51
Q

why must the neck be extended when imaging the shoulder?

A

lifts trachea and ET tube away from the area of interest

52
Q

what is essential to ensure correct positioning for spinal radiography?

A

anasethesia

53
Q

when may anaesthesia not be used for spinal imaging?

A

if spinal injury is suspected so maintaining muscle tone is vital

54
Q

what is the issue with imaging the spine without anaesthesia?

A

images may not be of suitable quality to make a diagnosis - muscle tone can lead to rotation

55
Q

where should pads be placed for spinal radiography?

A 
mid area of neck
mid lumbar spine
between legs to prevent rotation
under sternum
under head
56
Q

why do pads need to be used for spinal radiography?

A

support areas of spine that may dip to make it as parallel to the table as possible

57
Q

why do lots of small images of the spine need to be taken?

A

to ensure the primary beam passes through each joint

58
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral cervical spine

A

lateral recumbancy
support spine using pads to eliminate natural curveture
pull forelimbs back to remove shoulder from area of interest

59
Q

where should an image of lateral cervical spine be centred?

A

at the level of C3

60
Q

describe collimation of an image of lateral cervical spine

A

collimation to include base of the skull and first thoracic vertebrae

61
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of ventro-dorsal cervical spine

A

dorsal recumbancy
pull forelimbs down over chest and secure
straighten neck and support with sandbags
extubation necessary

62
Q

where should ventro-dorsal cervical spine images be centred?

A

level of C3 in the midline

63
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the thoracic and lumbar spine

A

lateral recumbancy with the curves of the spine supported
pad between legs to prevent rotation
extend limbs

64
Q

where should an image of thoracic and lumbar spine be centred?

A

area of interest ensuring overlap between films

65
Q

how can you identify rotation of the lumbar spine on an x ray?

A

assess transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae - should be superimposed over each other

66
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lumbo-sacral junction

A

lateral recumbancy
pad between hind limbs
support spine

67
Q

where should an image of lumbo-sacral junction be centred?

A

middle of an imaginary line between ilial wing and greater trochanter

68
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the ventro-dorsal skull

A

dorsal recumbancy
support using trough or sandbags
position with hard palate parallel to table top
pad under neck and nose if needed

69
Q

where should an image of ventro-dorsal skull be centred?

A

at the level of interest on the midline

70
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral/oblique skull

A

lateral recumbancy

support nose so head is in true lateral or at desired degree of obliquity (which depends on image required)

71
Q

what will centering of a lateral/oblique skull x ray depend on?

A

the area of interest

72
Q

why should the skull be padded to ensure it is parallel when imaging lateral skull?

A

so that teeth and bone o both sides are superimposed over each other

73
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the rostro-caudal tympanic bullae

A

dorsal recumbancy
flex neck until nose is upright
open mouth to forma a ā€˜Vā€™
maintain position with ties/gag

74
Q

where should a rostral-caudal tympanic bullae image be centred?

A

where the tongue disappears at the back of the mouth

75
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the DV intra-oral nose (mandible)

A

sternal recumbancy
support head so hard palate is parallel to table top
imaging plate in mouth
remove ET tube

76
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the VD intra-oral nose (mandible)

A

ventrodorsal

then as for DV (maxilla)

77
Q

how can VD intra oral images be taken on a digital machine?

A

open mouth in VD and angle beam slightly to miss mandible

78
Q

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral pharynx

A

lateral recumbancy
pull forelimbs back towards chest
place pads under nose and neck to prevent rotation

79
Q

where should an image of the lateral pharynx be centred?

A

caudal to the angle of the mandible

80
Q

describe collimation of imaging of the lateral pharynx

A

collimate to include nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx

X Clinical Veterinary Nursing Theory (70 decks)

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