Positioning for Veterianary Radiography Flashcards by Em Chambers

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral thorax

right lateral recumbancy
forelegs pulled cranially
hindlegs and neck restrained with sandbags
wedge under sternum

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where should the beam be centred for imaging of the lateral thorax?

caudal boarder of scapula half to 2/3 of the way down the thorax (depending on chest depth)

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describe collimation for imaging of the lateral thorax

ventral and dorsal skin edges

front of shoulder and caudal edge of sternum

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what is shown in this image?

lateral thorax

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describe the position of the patient for imaging of DV/VD thorax

sternal (DV) or dorsal (VD) recumbancy
support forelegs so not overhanging thorax
rotate until straight from head to toe

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what is the centering point for imaging of the DV thorax

midline at highest point of scapulae

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what is the centering point for VD thorax?

middle of sternum on midline

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describe collimation for DV/VD thorax

all of lungs and edges of chest wall

last rib to thoracic inlet and skin edges

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what positioning aid may be useful for VD/DV?

trough

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describe the projection in this image

DV/VD thorax

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if lateral and DV/VD projections are needed what should be done first?

DV/VD to prevent collapse of lower lung affecting the resultant image

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what projection should never be attempted in a dyspnoeic animal?

VD view

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what stage of respiration should DV/VD thorax be taken at?

inspiration

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describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral abdomen

right lateral recumbancy
wedge under sternum
forelegs positioned cranially and secured
hindlegs held parallel with pad (prevent rotation) pulled caudally and sandbagged
sandbag over neck

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why might some images of lateral abdomen be taken in left lateral?

alter gas distribution in stomach

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where should lateral abdomen exposures be centred?

level of last rib (cranial to last rib in large animals), halfway down abdominal wall

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describe collimation of lateral abdomen imaging

dorsal and ventral skin edges

cranial margin of the diaphragm and the pubic brim

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when should the exposure for lateral abdomen be taken?

at expiration to minimise movement

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what projection is shown in this image?

lateral abdomen

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describe the position of the patient for imaging of the VD abdomen

dorsal recumbancy
legs held with sandbags
rotate animal until it lies straight

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where should the VD abdomen be centred?

the level of the umbilicus (caudal aspect of costal arch) along the midline

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describe collimation of VD abdomen images

lateral skin edges

entire diaphragm and pubic symphasis

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what x ray projection is shown in this image

VD abdomen

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describe the position of the patient for imaging of DP hock and carpus

animal in sternal

limb is extended and rotated until straight

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where are DP hock and carpus images centred?

over the joint

describe collimation for DP hock and carpus

include soft tissues and 1/3 of adjacent long bones

what projection is seen in this image?

DP carpus

describe the position of the patient for imaging of mediolateral hock and carpus

the side to be radiographed is placed down in contact with the cassette opposing leg pulled back and sandbagged

where should mediolateral hock and carpus images be centred?

over the joint

describe collimation of mediolateral hock and carpus images

include proximal phalanges and the distal part of the tibia/ radiu

what projection is seen in this image?

mediolateral hock

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the mediolateral elbow and stifle

affected joint downwards in contact with cassette the opposing leg is pulled back and held with sandbags joint is flexed/extended or neutral

where should images of mediolateral elbow and stifle be centred?

over the joint

describe collimation of mediolateral elbow and stifle

include distal / proximal ends of long bones

what is the projection shown in this image?

mediolateral elbow

what views of the elbow may be necessary?

flexed and extended

what is shown in flexed (<45 degrees) view of the elbow?

anconeal process and humeral epicondyles

what is shown in extended (`120 degrees) view of the elbow?

cranial aspect of radial head and humeroradial joint space

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the cranio-caudal elbow

in sternal with leg exteded head directed away from limb under examination horizontal beam: lateral recumbancy with limb to be examined uppermost supported by a pad

where should centering be on a cranio-caudal elbow view?

over the joint

describe collimation of cranio-caudal elbow views

1/3 humerus and antebrachium

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the caudocranial/craniocaudal stifle

animal in sternal with leg pulled out caudally (caudo-cranial) in dorsal with limb under exam extended (cranio-caudal)

where should caudo-cranial / craniocaudal stifle views be centred?

below patella

describe collimation of caudocranial / craniocaudal stifle

proximal tibia and distal femur included

describe the position of the patient for imaging of VD pelvis

animal in dorsal recumbancy legs extended and rotated internally until stifles are straight tie legs and tail support hocks on pad and weigh down

where should images of VD pelvis be centred?

over the pubis at level of greater trochanters

how can rotation of the pelvis be detected on an image?

larger obturator foramen is the higher one - should be symmetrical

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the mediolateral shoulder

limb under examination placed nearest to film draw limb forwards to extend shoulder head and neck extended with sandbags upper limb retracted and secured

where should mediolateral views of the shoulder be centred?

the level of and caudal to the greater tuberosity

what projection is seen in this image?

mediolateral shoulder

why must the neck be extended when imaging the shoulder?

lifts trachea and ET tube away from the area of interest

what is essential to ensure correct positioning for spinal radiography?

anasethesia

when may anaesthesia not be used for spinal imaging?

if spinal injury is suspected so maintaining muscle tone is vital

what is the issue with imaging the spine without anaesthesia?

images may not be of suitable quality to make a diagnosis - muscle tone can lead to rotation

where should pads be placed for spinal radiography?

``` mid area of neck mid lumbar spine between legs to prevent rotation under sternum under head ```

why do pads need to be used for spinal radiography?

support areas of spine that may dip to make it as parallel to the table as possible

why do lots of small images of the spine need to be taken?

to ensure the primary beam passes through each joint

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral cervical spine

lateral recumbancy support spine using pads to eliminate natural curveture pull forelimbs back to remove shoulder from area of interest

where should an image of lateral cervical spine be centred?

at the level of C3

describe collimation of an image of lateral cervical spine

collimation to include base of the skull and first thoracic vertebrae

describe the position of the patient for imaging of ventro-dorsal cervical spine

dorsal recumbancy pull forelimbs down over chest and secure straighten neck and support with sandbags extubation necessary

where should ventro-dorsal cervical spine images be centred?

level of C3 in the midline

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the thoracic and lumbar spine

lateral recumbancy with the curves of the spine supported pad between legs to prevent rotation extend limbs

where should an image of thoracic and lumbar spine be centred?

area of interest ensuring overlap between films

how can you identify rotation of the lumbar spine on an x ray?

assess transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae - should be superimposed over each other

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lumbo-sacral junction

lateral recumbancy pad between hind limbs support spine

where should an image of lumbo-sacral junction be centred?

middle of an imaginary line between ilial wing and greater trochanter

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the ventro-dorsal skull

dorsal recumbancy support using trough or sandbags position with hard palate parallel to table top pad under neck and nose if needed

where should an image of ventro-dorsal skull be centred?

at the level of interest on the midline

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral/oblique skull

lateral recumbancy | support nose so head is in true lateral or at desired degree of obliquity (which depends on image required)

what will centering of a lateral/oblique skull x ray depend on?

the area of interest

why should the skull be padded to ensure it is parallel when imaging lateral skull?

so that teeth and bone o both sides are superimposed over each other

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the rostro-caudal tympanic bullae

dorsal recumbancy flex neck until nose is upright open mouth to forma a 'V' maintain position with ties/gag

where should a rostral-caudal tympanic bullae image be centred?

where the tongue disappears at the back of the mouth

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the DV intra-oral nose (mandible)

sternal recumbancy support head so hard palate is parallel to table top imaging plate in mouth remove ET tube

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the VD intra-oral nose (mandible)

ventrodorsal | then as for DV (maxilla)

how can VD intra oral images be taken on a digital machine?

open mouth in VD and angle beam slightly to miss mandible

describe the position of the patient for imaging of the lateral pharynx

lateral recumbancy pull forelimbs back towards chest place pads under nose and neck to prevent rotation

where should an image of the lateral pharynx be centred?

caudal to the angle of the mandible

describe collimation of imaging of the lateral pharynx

collimate to include nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx