Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Allergy/Immunology > Vaccinations > Flashcards

Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

Vaccine

A

Active immunization. Contains antigenic molecules such as a preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immunization

A

The process of giving vaccines and stimulating the immune system.
Includes active and passive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Titer

A

Measurement of the amt of concentration of a substance in a solution.
-Medicine or antibodies found in the patient’s blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Made the first vaccination for smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Herd immunity

A

Describes a form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for an unvaccinated individual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Herd immunity threshold

A

The percentage of the population vaccinated at which herd immunity is induced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Active Immunization

A

Antigen administration (live, killed, derivative) or a toxoid (deactivated toxin).

  • Provides long-term immunity
  • meaningful immunity not achieved till 2-4 weeks after vaccination.
  • Live versions are more efficacious, last longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Passive Immunization

A

Administration of pre-formed antibodies, such as immunoglobulin.

  • results in immediate protective immunity.
  • immunity is short-term
  • Rabies exposure, RSV, HepB for infant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T of F: All immunizations are vaccines

A

False, all vaccines are immunizations, bot not all imunizations are vaccines. You can give antibody infusions that are not considered vaccinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Live Attenuated Vaccines (4 main ones)

A

MMR
Varicella/Zoster
Rotavirus
Intranasal influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inactivated Vaccines

A

Cannot replicate

Generally require 3-5 doses and a booster shot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Whole cell viral vaccines (types)

A

Polio, HepA, rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Whole cell bacterial vaccines (types)

A

not available in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adverse Rxns

A

Extremely safe and generally only cause mild SE’s.

  • Pain, swelling, redness locally.
  • Fever, malaise, HA, allergic rxn, may be unrelated to vaccine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Precaution

A

A condition in a recipient that might increase the chance of an adverse rxn or compromise the ability for the vaccine to work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diptheria

A

An acute bacterial respiratory or cutaneous illness caused by C. diptheriae.
Most common complications are myocarditis and neuritis.
Death occurs in 5-10% from resp. disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diptheria Vaccine (DTaP, DT, Td, Tdap)

A 
Formalin-inactivated diptheria toxin
Schedule:  Five doses + booster every 10 years
Efficacy:  95%
Duration:  Approximately 10 years.
Administered with tetanus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis combinations

A

Upper case means full strength doses

Lower case beans denote reduced doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

DTaP

A

Diptheria, Tetanus and Acellular Pertussis

  • Given to infants and children at 6 weeks to 6 years.
  • 5 total doses
  • 2, 4, 6 months, 15-18 months, 4-6 years.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DT

A

Diptheria and Tetanus toxoids. Given to infants and children with contraindication for pertussis portion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tdap

A

Given in one-time dose to adolescents and adults.

Women should recieve during each of their pregnancies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Td

A

Given to children and adults 7 yrs and older as a booster shot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tetanus

A

Nervous system disorder characterized by muscle spasms and lock-jaw.
Incubation: 8 days
Complete recovery may take months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tetanus Toxoid

A

Schedule: 5 doses + booster
Efficacy: 100%
Duration: 10 yrs
Should be done in all adults who have not had a vaccine within 10 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pertussis

A 
Whooping cough (4-6 weeks in)
Highly contagious (even before whooping cough portion)
Can be fatal.  300,000 deaths worldwide.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pertussis Vaccine

A

Schedule: 3 doses
Efficacy: 70-90%
Duration: 5-10 years
Local adverse rxns in whole cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

TDaP Precautions

A
  1. Mod to severe acute illness
  2. Temp >105 within 48hrs of last dose
  3. Collapse or shock-like state within 48hrs of previous dose.
  4. Persistent crying lasting >3hrs within 48hrs of last dose
  5. convulsions form prev. dose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tdap Boosters

A

11-12 years old.

Every 10 years thereafter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (HIB)

A
  • Severe bacterial infection among infants
  • Meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis
  • Incidence has fallen 99% since prevaccine era.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

HIB Vaccine

A 
HbOC
Schedule: 3+booster
Efficacy: 95%
Duration:  Only needed for infancy
6kws, 4 months, 6 months
Booster: 16-18 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Measles

A
  • Highly contagious viral illness.
  • Respiratory trasmission
  • Near 100% infection in pre-vaccination era
  • Incubation: 10-12 days
  • Persists for 5-6 days
  • *-Pathagnomonic for measles infection**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mumps

A
  • Virus that causes fever, HA, muscle pain, swollen glands

- Deafness, meningitis, painful swelling of testis or ovaries, sterility (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Rubella

A
  • Virus that causes rash, arthritis, mild fever.

- Generally mild, but during pregnancy can be fatal for the baby.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

A

Babies generally die or are very sick for its entire life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

MMR

A

Live virus attenuated vaccine.
-First dose at 12-18 months
-Second dose at 4-6 years
Emphasis on nonpregnant women at child-bearing age.

36
Q

Does MMR cause autism?!?

A

No, you are an moron.

37
Q

Vericella Zoster Virus (VZV)

A

Herpesvirus DNA
Primarily results in chickenox (varicella)
Recurrent infection results in herpes zoster (shingles)

38
Q

Varicella (chickenpox)

A
  • Respiratory transmission of virus
  • incubation 14-16 days
  • characterized by vesicular lesions, appearing first on head, most concentrated on trunk.
  • successive crops over several days.
  • Can result in pneumonia, CNS infection, death (rare)
39
Q

Herpes zoster (shingles)

A
  • one million episodes occur annually in US
  • 1/3 of US pop will get shingles
  • Reactivation of varicella zoster virus
  • Painful, unilateral vesicular eruption, restricted dermatomal distribution.
  • Associated with: aging, immunosupression, chickenpox at 18 months or younger.
40
Q

Complications of Herpes zoster

A
  • Post-herpatic neuralgia
  • Opthalmic zoster
  • CNS, lung, liver, pancreas involvement.
41
Q

Varicella Vaccine (Varivax)

A

Live, attenuated vaccine.
Prevents primary varicella infxn (chickenpox)
1st dose @ 12-15 months
2nd dose @ 4-6 yrs

42
Q

Herpes Zoster Vaccine (Zostavax)

A
  • Live, attenuated vaccine
  • Approved for persons over 50 yrs
  • Recommended vaccine for all persons >60, including patients who report previous zoster.
43
Q

MMRV (ProQuad)

A 
Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella
Approved for children 12 months to 12 years
2 doses are recommended:
-1st dose at 12 to 15 months
-2nd dose at 4-6 yrs
44
Q

Prodrome

A

An early symptom indicating the onset of a disease.

45
Q

Hapatits A Virus (HAV)

A
  • Picornavirus (RNA)
  • Humans are the only natural host
  • Entry into mouth via fecal-oral route
  • Replicates in liver
  • Present in blood 10-12 days after infection
46
Q

HAV clinical features

A
  • Incubation period ~30 days
  • Usually silent in children
  • Prodromal: FLS, RUQ pain
  • Dark urine, jaundice, pruritis, light colored stools
47
Q

HAV Vaccines

A
  • Inactivated whole virus vaccine.
  • Pediatric (1st: 12 mo 2nd 24 mo)
  • Adult formulations 19 yrs and older
48
Q

HAV vaccine reccomendations

A
  • All children between 1st and 2nd birthdays
  • International travelers
  • Men having sex with men
  • Illegal drug use
  • Occupational risk
  • Chronic liver disease
49
Q

HAV Vaccine travelers

A

1st dose should be at least 1 month before.

Only one dose required.

50
Q

Post exposure HAV vaccine

A

for 12 months to 40 years: vaccine
For >40 years: Immune globulin is preferred.
-vaccine can be used if IG unavailable

51
Q

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

A
  • Hepadnaviridae family (DNA)
  • Humans only known host
  • May retain infectivity for >7 days at room temp.
  • Incubation 60-150 days
  • nonspecific prodrome (constitutional)
  • 50% infections asymptomatic
52
Q

HBV complications

A 
Chronic infection
Hepatitis
Hospititalization, death
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
53
Q

HBV Perinatal Transmission

A

If mother is positive for HBs(surface)Ag and HBe(envelope)Ag:
- 80-90% of infants infected
- 90% of infected infants chronically infected
If positive for HBsAg only
- 5-20% infants infected
- 90% of infected infants chronically infected

54
Q

HBV vaccine infant schedule

A

1st dose: birth
2nd dose: 6 weeks of age
3rd dose: 6-18 months of age
*Some babies might get 4 doses

55
Q

HBV vaccine adult schedule

A

Primary: whenever
2nd Dose: 1 month after first
3rd Dose: 6 months after 2nd

56
Q

Adults at-risk for HBV

A
  1. Sexual exposure with:
    - HbsAg + partners
    - More than 1 partner is last 6 months
    - Eval or tx for STD
    - Men having sex w/ men
  2. Percutaneous or mucosal exposure to blood
  3. International travelers
  4. Persons w/ HIV
57
Q

Influenza (Flu)

A
  • Orthomyxoviridae RNA virus
  • Transmitted through air or nasal secretions
  • fever/chills, ST, muscle aches, HA, COugh, Weakness/fatigue (these are all referred to as FLS)
58
Q

Influenza Complications

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. Severe diarrhea and dehydration
  3. Rhabdomyolysis
  4. Seizures
    Young children and persons >65 at greatest risk, pregnant women, and immunocompromised.
59
Q

Three types of flu shot

A

IM: standard, 6 months and older
High dose: 65 and older
Intradermal: 18-64 years of age
Intranasal: LIVE! 2-49 yo, healthy, not pregnant

60
Q

Children from 6 mos through 8yrs of age should get ____ doses of flu vaccine for their first year of vaccination.

A

two

61
Q

Pneumococcal Disease

A
  • Streptococcus Pneumoniae
  • 2nd most common cause of vaccine-preventable death in US
  • Causes Pneumonia, Bacteremia, Meningitis
62
Q

Pneumonia Clinical Features

A
  • Abrupt onset
  • Fever, chills
  • Pleuritic chest pain
  • Productive cough
  • Dyspnea, tachy, hypoxia
63
Q

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule (infant)

A

Primary: 6 weeks
2nd: 4 months
3rd: 6 months
Booster: 12-15 months

64
Q

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV)

A
  1. All adults 65 and older
  2. Immunosuppressed individuals 2 through 64 years of age
  3. Any adult 19-64 who smokes or has asthma
65
Q

Meningococcal Disease

A
  • Serious bacterial illness causes by Neisseria Meningitidis.
  • Infects nasopharynx and can move to blood stream.
  • Leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children 2-18 yrs in US
66
Q

Meningococcal Meningitis

A

Most common pathogenic presentation of meningitis.
Clinical findings:
-Fever, HA, stiff neck
Common if freshman in dorms

67
Q

Meningococcemia

A

-Sepsis
-May occur with or without meningitis
Clinical findings:
1. fever
2. petechial/purpuric rash
3. hypotension
4. multiorgan failure

68
Q

Meningococcal vaccine (2 types)

A
  1. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4)
    - for people 55 and younger
  2. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4)
    - for people older than 55
69
Q

MCV4 recommendations

A
  • Two doses recommended for adolescents 11-18 years of age.
  • First dose at 11-12 yrs of age
  • Booster at age 16
70
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A
  • DNA virus
  • Most common STI in the US
  • More than half of sexually active men and women are infected at some point in their lives.
71
Q

HPV clinical features

A
  • Most are asymptomatic
  • Anogenital warts
  • Cervical cancer precursors
  • Cancer (cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, oropharyngeal)
72
Q

HPV Vaccine (2 types)

A
  1. Quadrivalent Vaccine (HPV4, Gardasil)
    - For males and females
  2. Bivalent Vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix)
    - Only for females
73
Q

HPV vaccine recommendations

A

All adolescents 11-12 years of age

“Catch-up” vaccine recommended for 13-26 yrs of age

74
Q

HPV vaccination schedule

A

Routine schedule is 0, 2, 6 months

75
Q

Syncope can happen in ______ following an HPV vaccine

A
  • 11-18 year old women.

- Providers should observe for 15 minutes after vaccination

76
Q

Rotavirus

A
  • Most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children
  • Nearly universal infections by 5 years of age
77
Q

Rotavirus Pathogenesis

A
  • Entry through mouth
  • Replicate in small intestine
  • infection leads to diarrhea
  • Incubates for less that 48 hrs
  • GI symptoms resolve in 3-7 days
78
Q

Rotavirus Vaccines (2 types)

A
  1. RV5 (RotaTeq)
    - Live attenuated vaccine
  2. RV1 (Rotarix)
    - Live attenuated vaccine
    - For most common rotavirus serotype
79
Q

Rotavirus vaccine schedule

A

1st: 6 weeks of age
2nd: 4 months
3rd: 6 months (only for RotaTeq)

80
Q

Polio

A
  • Caused by a virus, enters thru mouth.

- Paralysis, meningitis, death

81
Q

Polio Vaccine (IPV)

A 
Children get 4 doses 
1st: 2 months
2nd: 4 months
3rd: 6-18 months
Booster @ 4-6 years
82
Q

Pediarix Vaccine

A

DTaP, HBV, IPV Combination

Doses @ 2, 4 and 6 months

83
Q

Twinrix Vaccine

A
  • HepA (peds dose) and HBV (adult dose) combination vaccine.
  • 0, 1 and 6 months or..
  • 0, 7 and a booster at 12 months
84
Q

Comvax Vaccine

A

HepB and Hib combo

85
Q

TriHIBit

A

DTaP and Hib combo

Only for 4th dose of DTaP and Hib series

Allergy/Immunology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions