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Allergy/Immunology > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Macrophages

A

Develop from monocytes to become the chief phagocytic cell.

  • free macrophages wander through tissue spaces
  • fixed macrophages are permanent residents
    • kupffer cells
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2
Q

Neutrophils

A

Become phagocytic on encountering infectious material in tissues.

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3
Q

Step 1: Mech of phagocytosis

A

Adherence of phagocyte to pathogen.

-facilitated by opsinization, the coating of the pathogen by complement proteins or antibodies.

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4
Q

Steps 2-5 of phagocytosis

A
  1. Phagocyte forms pseudopods, engulf particle and form phagosome.
  2. Lysosome fuses w/ phagocyte vesicle, forming phagolysosome.
  3. Lysosomal enzymes digest the particle, leaving residual body.
  4. Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material.
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5
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leokocytosis-inducing factors from injured cells.

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6
Q

Margination

A

Neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the inflamed area.

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7
Q

Diapedesis

A

Movement of neutrophils across the membrane.

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8
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Inflammatory chemicals(chemotactic agent) promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils. They move to the site.

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9
Q

Destruction of Pathogens (phagocytosis)

A
  1. Acidification and digestion by lysosomal enzymes
  2. Respiratory Burst. Release of cell-killing free radicals, activation of additional enzymes.
  3. Oxidizing chemicals.
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10
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A

Large granular lymphocytes.

  1. Target cells that lack self receptors.
  2. Induce apoptosis in cancer cells and virus infected cells.
  3. Secrete potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response.
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11
Q

Inflammatory Response (purposes)

A
  • Triggered whenever body tissues are injured or infected
  • Prevents spread of damaging agents
  • DIsposes of cell debris and pathogens
  • Sets stage for repair
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12
Q

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A 
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Impairment of function (sometimes)
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13
Q

Inflammatory Mediators

A

Histamine (mast cells)
Blood proteins
Kinins, prostaglandins, leokotrienes, complement.
-Released by most cells (phago, injured tissue, lympho, baso, mast)

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14
Q

TLR

A

Toll like receptors
Release cytokines that promote inflammation
Released by macrophages and epithelial cells

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15
Q

Surge of Exudate

A

Moves foreign material into lymph

Delivers clotting proteins to form a scaffold for repair and isolate the area.

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16
Q

Starling forces

A

Cause the interchange of fluids between intravascular and interstitial space.

17
Q

Three main determinants of filtration (lymph)

A

Net oncotic pressure
Net hydrostatic pressure
Capillary permeability

18
Q

Capillary Oncotic Pressure

A

Defined as the colloid osmotic pressure contributed by the plasma proteins in the capillary.

19
Q

Interstitial osmotic pressure

A

The colloid osmotic pressure exerted by the osmotically active proteins in the interstitium

20
Q

T of F: Oncotic pressures are determined mostly by the salts in the compartments.

A

False: The salt levels are similar on both sides. Proteins determine the oncotic pressures for the compartments.

21
Q

What does increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure lead to?

A

Edema. Caused by fluid overload, obstruction, CHF, Liver disease (with ascites)

22
Q

Decreased intravascular oncotic pressure leads to?

A

Edema.
Hypoalbuminemia from:
-Low protein intake, malnutrition
-Liver failure (not enough protein produced)
-Nephrotic syndrome (too much protein lost in urine)

23
Q

Lymphatic Obstruction can be caused by what?

A

Lymphoma, Metastatic Cancers.

Surgical removal of lymph nodes

24
Q

Increased capillary filtration can be caused by?

A
  • Burns (connective tissue destroyed)
  • Inflammation (disrupt tight junctions, results in swelling)
  • Toxic Damage (sepsis, pancreatitis, inhalation injuries)
25
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone Marrow

Thymus

26
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Bone marrow
spleen
lymph nodes
MALT (tonsils, peyers patches)

27
Q

Reticuloendothelial System

A

Monocyte-Macrophage cell system.
Some monocytes enter the tissues, become macrophages and roam.
Other monocytes become attached to the tissues until they are called to action.

28
Q

Spleen

A

Large lymph node that filters blood instead of lymph.

29
Q

Asplenia

A

Patents who have had their spleen removed.
susceptible to pneomonia, flu
Vaccinated w/ pheumovax, flu, H-flu

Allergy/Immunology (10 decks)

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