Lab assessment of immune Function

Question 1

C3 convertase

Answer 1

Common step in all three complement pathways.

Question 2

OIL

Answer 2

Opsonizaton
Inflammation
Lysis

Question 3

Classical Pathway

Answer 3

IgM or IgG antibodies binding to antigens.

Question 4

Lectin Pathway

Answer 4

Antibody is replaced by Lectin such as BMP

Question 5

Alternative Pathway

Answer 5

Does not require presence of lectins or antibodies.

Question 6

Why Measure Complement?

Answer 6

1. In cases of recurrent infxn with normal WBC’s and no immunosuppression.
2. Autoimmune antibody mediated syndromes
3. DIagnose immune complex mediated syndromes (lupus, sjogrens, glumerulonephritis)

Question 7

Lab Eval of complement (2)

Answer 7

CH50: Detects deficiencies in classical pathway
AH50: Detects deficiencies in alternative pathway

Question 8

C3 and C4

Answer 8

Used to determine whether deficiencies or abnormalities in the complement system are causing, or contributing to, a pt’s disease.

Question 9

Neutrophils

Answer 9

• AKA: segs, PMN’s, polys
• Primary defense against bacterial infxn
• Most are generally mature.

Question 10

Bands

Answer 10

Less mature neutrophils
Those that have been released recently from the marrow into the blood.
Nucleus is not segmented, but has a band or rod-like shape

Question 11

Left shift

Answer 11

• Often used when determining if a patient has an inflammatory process such as acute appendicitis.
• Means that bands have increased, indicating an infxn.

Question 12

Decreased neutrophils

Answer 12

Knows an neutropenia.
Viruses and some drugs can cause this.
ex: TCA’s, Hepatitis, flu, rubeola

Question 13

Eosinophils

Answer 13

-Associated with antigen-antibody reactions.

Question 14

Increase or decrease in Eosinophils

Answer 14

Increased: Allergic rxns, hypersensitivity, parasites
Decreased: Corticosteroids

Question 15

Basophils

Answer 15

• Phagocytes that contain heparin, histamines and serotonin.
• Called mast cells in the tissue.
• Used to analyze allergic rxns

Question 16

Increase or decrease Basophils

Answer 16

Increase: alteration in bone marrow function (leukemia), Hodgkins
Decreased: Corticosteroids, allergic rxns, acute infxn

Question 17

Monocytes

Answer 17

• Largest cells in normal blood
• Act as phagocytes in inflammatory diseases
• body’s second line of defense

Question 18

Monocytosis

Answer 18

• Increased mononcytes in blood

- TB, malaria, rocky mtn spotted fever, monocytic leukemia, ulcerative colitis.

Question 19

Lymphocytes

Answer 19

• Primary components of immune system.

- Source of serum immunoglobulins

Question 20

Lymphocyte increase, decrease

Answer 20

Increase: viral infxns and TB
Decrease: Puts pt at a high risk if infxn (viral).

Question 21

Normal WBC count

Answer 21

4,500 - 11,000 cells/cm (squared)

Question 22

Normal percentages

Answer 22

PMN: 45-75%, 70% average
Lymphocytes: 20-45% 30% average
All others: small percentages (normal)

Question 23

Neutropenia

Answer 23

Neutrophil count <1,800 in adults.

-infxns, drugs, chemicals, ionizing rad, hematopoetic disorders, hypersplenism.

Question 24

Lymphocytopenia

Answer 24

ALC < 1,500 in adults.

• Increased destruction, decreased production
• increased loss
  
  • malignancy, AIDS

Question 25

IgG

Answer 25

- Found in the largest concentrations of all immunoglobulins in plasma. - Crosses the placenta, provides long-term immunity/protection

Question 26

IgM

Answer 26

- Found in relatively small amounts - First antibody to respond to antigen - good at responding to complement

Question 27

IgA

Answer 27

- Provides first-line for mucosal barriers | - Urinary, GI, resp. tract protection

Question 28

IgE

Answer 28

Mediates allergic and hypersensitivity rxns

Question 29

IgD

Answer 29

Activates some lymphocytes | not much known....

Question 30

ELISA

Answer 30

- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - Used to detect the presence of an antibody or antigen in a sample. * *Used for HIV**

Question 31

Indirect Immunoassay

Answer 31

Antigen provided, testing if pt antibodies are present. | **HIV, HepA, B, C, autoimmune**

Question 32

Agglutination

Answer 32

Measure amounts of antibody in serum | -Blood test

Question 33

Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP)

Answer 33

Looking for change in gamma globulins | A spike in gamma globulin = **multiple myeloma**

Question 34

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

Answer 34

Evaluates T-cells, macrophages, other immunoreactants

Question 35

Skin testing

Answer 35

Opposite of allergy testing. | Injecting things that should cause a rxn, and if it does not, there is a deficiency.