Blood Group Immunology Flashcards
Immunohematology
Immunology involving all the components of the blood.
- RBC’s WBC’s, Platelets, Plasma components
- Study of blood groups, transfusions
- Organ transplants
- Paternity testing
Karl Lansteiner
Discovered the blood groups.
Good for him.
Whole blood products
Patients who need volume AND cells.
Packed cells
Patients who need red cell mass
1 unit packed red cells increases HCT by ____ and Hgb by ____
3% and 1g/dl
ABO Basics
- Blood group antigens are sugars “built into” the red blood cell.
- Individuals inherit a gene which codes for specific sugar(s) to be added.
- The type added determines the blood group
In an emergency, type _____ packed RBC’s should be given.
O. Universal donor
Blood groups refer to the ______ properties of blood constituents.
Antigenic
Population %’s in each blood group
O: 45%
A: 40%
B: 11%
AB: 4%
Group A
A antigens
Anti-B antibodies
Can receive A and O
Group O
NO antigens
Anti A and B antibodies
Universal donor
Can only receive O
Group AB
No antibodies
A and B antigens
Universal acceptor
Can receive anything
Group B
B antigens
Anti-A antibodies
Can only receive B and O
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (HTR)
- Occurs when an individual is transfused with an incompatible blood group.
- Cells will agglutinate and lyse.
- May result in death
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for a transfusion rxn?
IgM.
The rxn can be acute or delayed, but results in intravascular hemolysis, and free Hgb being released into plasma.
S/S of HTR
- Fever/chills
- Backache/HA
- Apprehension
- Dyspnea
- Hypotension
- Vascular collapse
Signs of HTR if pt is under anasthesia
-Oliguria, generalized bleeding
-Hemoglobenemia (pink plasma)
-Diffuse intravascular coagulation
-Acute renal failure
Tx:
-Vigorously hydrate patient
-force diuresis w/ mannitol to protect kidneys
Other transfusion rxns
- Analaphylaxis
- due to plasma and IgA deficiency - Contaminated blood
Rh blood group
- Second most important blood group system.
- The most important is D Ag, which is the most antigenic.
- we only test for D Ag
- Only present in RBC’s
___ % of individuals are Rh positive
85%, dominant trait
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
Abs from mother enter fetal circulation and destroys fetal red blood cells.
First pregnancy is not affected
HDN S/S
Mild: mild anemia, jaundice, breathing problems at birth.
Severe: Heart failure, brain damage, miscarriage, stillbirth.
HDN Prevention
Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM) given to Rh negative mothers.
Provides passive immunization
