vaccination and immune response

Question 1

what are antigens

Answer 1

chemical markers on the surface of cells and pathogens
- they have a unique shape
- used to recongise non self

Question 2

where are phagocytes found

Answer 2

in the blood stream and tissue fluid

Question 3

what type of immune response are phagocytes

Answer 3

non specific

Question 4

give 1 example of a phagocyte

Answer 4

macrophages

Question 5

where are t cells made

Answer 5

thymus gland

Question 6

what do t-cells respond too

Answer 6

t cells respond to body cells antigens not pathogens

Question 7

where are b cells made

Answer 7

bone marrow

Question 8

what are b cells used for

Answer 8

• production of anti bodies
• b cells has a receptor that are specific to certian antigens on its surface which activates teh B cell

Question 9

how are b cells stimulated

Answer 9

-by the T helper cells which bind to the rector with a specific antigen

Question 10

what happens during and after the B cell divides

Answer 10

• the b cell turns into a plasma cell which secretes anti bodies that are specific to the antigen on the original B cell

Question 11

what is a primary response like

Answer 11

-not many b cells to produce antibodies
-short term antibodies last a few days
- response is slower relying on cell mediated response

Question 12

what is a secondary response like

Answer 12

• much faster as B cells divide from memory cells into plasma cells
• more memory cells produced which stays in the blood and provides long term immunity
• only occurs if the same pathogen with the same antigen infects

Question 13

what is the structure of an antibody

Answer 13

-quaternrnary structure as they are made up of four polypeptide chains joined together by disulphidebridges
-hinge in the middle gives it flexibility
- each chain has a constant region which is constant in all antibodies however variable portion which is the binding sight