biological molecules Flashcards
what is the difference between condensation reactions and a hydrolysis
-condensation the formation of a bond (glycoidic) with the production of a water molcule
- hydrolisis the breaking f a bond by the addition of water molecules
what are carbohydrates made of
-hydrogen and oxygen
2 x as many H as N
what are 3 examples of monoscaarides (single suga molecules)
-fructose
-glucose
-galactose
-riibose
what is a disaccaride and give 2 examples
2 mono saccrides bonded together (glycocidic bond)
- sucrose ,maltose, lactose
what are sucrose made of
a-glucose+fructose
what are lactose made of
a-glucose+ galactose
what is cellulose made of
chain of beta glucose
what is a polyssacride and what are some examples
a chain of many saccrides
starch and cellulose
What is phosphorylation
A phosphate group activates an enzyme
Which term describes molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together?
polymers
name 4 types of monomers
monosaccarides
nucleotide
amino acids
fatty acids
what is a macromolecule
a large complecated moluculce
what are covalent bonds
what are hydrogen bonds
between slightly positive and negative ions
what are ionic bonds
transfer of electrons between metals and non metals forms ions which are attracted each
why are endopeptidaes and exopeptidaes
endopeptidase hydrolise bonds in the middle wherease exopeptidase hydrolise
diffrence between alpha glucose and beta glucose
- beta glucose has the oh group on the top
what bond forms between 2 mono saccrides in a condestion reaction
glycosidic
what is maltose made of
2 monomers of alpha glucose
what are the 2 forms of startch
-amylose- singular long coiled chain- quickly be released via hydrolosis
-amylopectin- branched chains cannot coill- more than one glucose molecule can be released at once
is starch souable
no dosnt affect osmosis and cannot diffuse out of cells
found in animal and bacterial cells
what is glycogen
-branched alpha glucose chain
- found in bacteria, animal, muscle and liver cells
what type of glycosidic bond is formed between 2 monosaccride
covalent bonds
what are triglycerides made off
3 fatty acids bonded with 3 glycerol
- bonded by ester bond
what type of reaction and what is lost in the formation of triglycerides
condensation reaction so 3 water molecules are lost
what is a saturated fatty acid
no double bonds between carbon
what is un saturated fatty acid
on e carbon double bond
what is polyunsaturated fatty acids
numerous double bonds
what is diffrent in all amino acids
r group
what element do amine group containe
nitrogen
what is the structure of an amino acid
amine group-
carboxylic group
center alpha carbon and hydrogen
r side group
what is the primary structure of a proetin
an amino acid chain joined together by peptide bonds via a condensation reaction
what is the secondary structure
the formation of hydrogen bonds between the C=O and the N-H of 2 in diffrent parts of the same chain
- this forms an alpha helix or a btea pleated sheet
what is the tertiary structure of a protein
further folding of the secondary structure involving
- disulphide bridges
-ionic bridges
-hydrogen bonding
how do disulphide bridges build
between amino acids with splphur in there r group
what is a competitive inhibatoir
- an inhibitor with the silmare shape as the substrate
- competes to bind to the active sight
-blocks active sight so substrate is ineffective
how can we measure enzyme catalysed reactions
- amount of oxygen produced
-amount of substrate gone
