Vaccination Flashcards
1
Q
Traditional vaccination protocol and why changed
A
- owner vist vet each year for yearly booster vaccine with as many antigenic components as possible
- same vac protocol for every dog and cat visiting practice
- vac should be considered as individual medicine = tailored for needs of individual pet
- protection for some diseases may last several years
2
Q
What were the drivers to changes in vaccination practice
A
- evidence based veterinary medicine and growing belief that delivery of fundamental practices should be based on latest scientific research/thinking rather that historical practices
- vets concern recognition of new adverse events occurring post vac
- vac hesitancy ~ concern from pet owning public fueld by media about safety of vac (child combined measles mumps and rubella vac)
3
Q
Vacciantion guidelines
A
- not legally binding but set of recommendations based on expert interpretation of current scientific info that are designed to be read, discussed and adapted by vets for use in own practices
- protection of population as well as individuals by establishing herd immunity
- WSAVA global veterinary community vaccination guidelines group - Michael day, veterinary immunology researcher, chairman
4
Q
Core vs non-core vaccines
A
- core = essential for every dog and cat
- non-core = may be used in dog or cat whose geographical location or lifestyle place at risk of exposure
- not recommended = because insufficient scientific evidence to justify use of vac
5
Q
Examples of core, non-core and not recomended vac - dogs
A
- Core - canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, parvovirus and rabies (in countries where epidemic)
- Non-core - leptospira, canine parainfluenza virus, bordetella bronchiseptica
- Not rec - canine eneric coronavirus
6
Q
Example of core, non-core and not rec vac - cats
A
- Core - feline parvovirus, rabies, feline herpes virus 1 and feline calicivirus
- Non-core - feline leukaemia virus, Chlamydia felis and feline immunodeficiency virus
- Not rec - feline infectious peritonitis
7
Q
Timing of vac - considerations = intital vac procrams and MDAs
A
- ensure appropriate timing of vac = ensure maximum protective effect
- young animals derive Maternaly Derived Antibodies from mother to protect them in first few weeks of lifebefore immune system has oppertunity to create own
- MDAs esential for survival but also have potential to inhibiy neonatal ability to mount an appropriate immune response - antigens from vaccine bound to abs, neutralise vac and no beneift, MDA die, animal vunrable to disease
- result in failure of vac due to 3 mechanisms
8
Q
3 mechanisms - vaccine failure (too early)
A
1- MDA neutralises vaccinal antigen = MDA treat antigen like naturally occurring antigen and binds, flag up for destruction
2 - MDA binds to B-lymphocyte - prevent lymphocytes binding with the antigen. vaccinal antigen unsuccessful so no immune response initiated
3 - MDA disguises vaccinal antigen receptor - bind to antigen cant be detected by b cells, receptor on antigen disguised
9
Q
Typical initial vac program in UK
A
- first vac - (dependant on vac administered) between 6-10 weeks
- second vac - 2- 4 weeks after first vaccine
10
Q
MDA decay in puppies/kittens (average)
A
- MDAs still present at first and second vaccination = potential to fail
- steep decline between 8-9 weeks (1st) and 12 weeks (2nd) but only decays fully at 16 weeks
- up to 10% of puppies may fail to respond to elements of primary core vaccination when the last of the primary vaccines given at 12 weeks
- WSAVA VGG recomend a third vaccine at 16 weeks
- point at which MDA levels have reduced to the point where they have little effect
11
Q
Puppy vac protocol - new rec WSAVA VGG
A
- bred in developed country w/good breeding standards
- 1st vac = 8-9 weeks
- 2nd vac = 3-4 weeks later
- 3rd vac = 16 weeks of age or older
12
Q
Vaccination at 12 months
A
- misconception purpose of vac is to boost immune response generated by one of 3 primary vaccines
- main purpose = catch puppies that failed to respond to any primary series and establish immunity to core vac antigens
- VGG does not believe justified to delay this vac, leaving some unprotected for first vunarable year of life
- new rec = vac brough forward to 6 months age and considered as last in a primary puppy series of four core vac, maybe at time of suture removal after neutering
13
Q
Booster vaccinations for dogs and cats
- every 3 years
- every year
A
- historically = involved all components every year
- standard rec now state dogs should be revaccinate against
Every 3 years:
~ canine distemper virus (D)
~ canine adenovirus (H)
~ canine parvovirus (P)
Every year:
~ canine parainfluenza (Pi)
~ leptospirosis (L)
Cats against Every year: ~ rhinotracheitis - calicivirus ~ feline leukaemia components Every 3 years: ~ panleucopaenia component
minimise incidence of adverse effects by not giving everything every year and opportunity for clinical check up
14
Q
Immune response vs behaviour
A
- critical time to meeting people and other animals and familurising with things in environment = socialisation between 3 and 12 weeks of age
- 3-5 weeks of critical socialisation period occurs before 1st vac
- second vac may not take place until 12 weeks (rec 1-2 week waiting period post 2nd vac to ensure immune response time to work)
- puppy could be 14 weeks before fully protected and older if introduce WSAVA VGG rec of 16 weeks
- finishing course at 16 weeks means animal more likely to be suitably protected BUT if not allow socialisation = behavioural problems later life
- need compromise
15
Q
Compromise for immunity vs behaviour
A
- most socilisation with humans rather than other dogs, compromise feasable
Until fully vac, puppies should
~ not be allowed to mix with other dogs of unknown vac status
~ not taken to parks or walk in areas where dogs fouled
~ taken out and about, carry if necessary to experience new sights/sounds without risk contact with disease
