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Applied Companion Animal Health > Rescue Centres > Flashcards

Rescue Centres Flashcards

1
Q

Where do animals in recue centres come from

A
  • Neglect and cruelty cases
  • Strays
  • Given up for adoption/rehoming
  • Abandoned
  • Dangerous dogs

normally no owner and no vac/parasite protection

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2
Q

reasons why rehome dogs

A
  • Moving (7%)
  • Landlord not allowing pet (6%)
  • Too many animals in household (4%)
  • Cost of pet maintenance (5%)
  • Owner having personal problems (4%)
  • Inadequate facilities (4%)
  • No homes available for litter mates (3%)
  • Having no time for pet (4%)
  • Pet illness(es) (4%)
  • Biting (3%)
  • lack of time especially with lockdown puppies
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3
Q

reasons for rehoming

A
  • Moving (8%)
  • Landlord not allowing pet (6%)
  • Too many animals in household (11%) – collect cats?
  • Cost of pet maintenance (6%)
  • Owner having personal problems (4%)
  • Inadequate facilities (2%)
  • No homes available for litter mates (6%)
  • Allergies in family (8%)
  • House soiling (5%) if dogs soil = owner percieves their fault BUT if cat does =
  • Incompatibility with other pets (2%)
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4
Q

how many stray dogs a day delt by local authority and how many unclaimed dogs in kennels

A
  • 280 strays a day

- 50,000

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5
Q

global stray number of dogs

public outcry by russia

A 
200 million (WHO)
USA top with 75.8 million
  • mass slaughter
  • stray dogs delt differently in different countries
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6
Q

Why are stray animals a problem

A
  • Direct physical injury to humans, their pets or their livestock.
  • Indirect injury as a result of road traffic accidents.
  • Reservoir of disease to humans and their pets (rabies, Toxocara canis, toxoplasmosis).
  • Pollution from faeces, urine, etc.
  • General nuisance – e.g. noise.
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7
Q

how do we deal with stray dogs

A
  • methods to control breeding = reduce further expation of population
  • methods to decrease existing population = selective culling
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8
Q

Financial cost of strays in uk

A
  • Human injuries from strays £0.15m
  • Livestock injuries from strays £2m
  • Road accident costs£0.53m
  • Local authority costs £11.3m
  • Police costs £15m
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9
Q

welfare considerations for stray animals

- negative

A
  • as pop increases to unsustainable levels = compertition lead to lack of food/water and increase development of infectious disease
  • comp for mates/food = fighting = wounds/stress
  • road traffic accidents
  • all five freedoms compromised except exhibit normal behaviour patterns
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10
Q

welfare considerations for stray animals

- positive

A
  • Strays can exhibit a range of natural behaviours
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11
Q

Natural population control

A
  • If a population is allowed to reproduce in an uncontrolled manner, and no additional food is provided, it will reach
    = a critical sustainable level.
  • Any further population expansion will be controlled by starvation, malnutrition and disease – all associated with welfare problems.
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12
Q

human response to stray problem

A
  • problems associated with stray dogs and cats put pressure on the municipalities to come up with an instant solution
    = a city, town, or other district possessing corporate existence and usually its own local government
  • control programs need to clearly take account of all stakeholders (animals, children, parenrs, community)
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13
Q

mass slaughter

A
  • Sometimes using inhumane methods such as poisoning, drowning (pups/kittens), electrocution, gassing and starvation. = welfare issue
  • drowning cats worse = hold breath for long time = prolonge torture
  • Poisoning may cause a prolonged painful death and is very indiscriminate.
  • Poisoned baits are dangerous to other members of the community may be accidentally picked up by pets and children
  • if children whitness = violent society
  • ignore stakeholders = some people want to save animals and hide from authorities
  • inneffective in long term
  • only effective if at same time every day, everyone slaughter animals
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14
Q

why is mass slaughter ineffective

A
  • population density of animals releated to availability of food
  • once pop rises above critical level = starvation, reduced fertility so survival stables population size
  • migration of animals into cull area = more resources available, pop flourish, infectious disease drops and population increases in small period of time to previous level
  • migration could increase aggression as establish new teritories
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15
Q

consideration for practical stray control program

A
  • Accurately assess the nature of the problem.
  • Balance the need for retaining the benefits of pet ownership while addressing the stray animal problem.
  • Take account of all ‘stakeholders’.
  • Co-ordinate the activities of all appropriate groups.
  • Employ humane methods only.
  • Change attitudes by education.
    needs time and money to implement
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16
Q

role of animals shelters for stray animals

A
  • limited resources in terms of employees, feeding, vet care etc
  • local economy restrict faesability of rehoming animals = need to be looked after long term
  • many run by enthusiatic volunteers motivated by desire to save animals = culling not acceptable
  • rise of no kill policies
  • WHO and WSPA developed framework for control of stray dogs/cats
17
Q

no kill policy

A
  • ‘moral ideal’ given limitless resources of space, manpower and money
  • unrealistic practically = lead to further suffering (kennel stress)
  • not address real problem
  • animals that never leave = ethically bad
18
Q

realities of no kill shelters

A
  • lead to relative overcrowding in poorly constructed and maintained facilities leading to many potential problems –
    ~ Poor hygiene and sanitation. - high level of disease and death (close contact
    ~ Reduced and unbalanced nutrition.
    ~ Lack of prophylactic and therapeutic medications.
    ~ Inability to quarantine or isolate
  • conditions that result save too many dogs same conditions that predispose to outbreak of infectious disease
  • if have sufficient funds = acceptable if dont cause unnesasary suffering
19
Q

euthansia (def)

A

= usually performed for the sake of the individual animal itself, as an act of mercy

20
Q

selective culling (def)

A

= killing in a humane way for the sake of the whole population or human society

21
Q

neuter release programs

A
  • popular in certain situations where relatively high stray companion animal population
  • where the availability of food will favour the survival and reproduction of a population of strays.
  • Problems - Neuter and release programmes raise a number of concerns, both about their success in terms of public health as well as in terms of animal welfare.
  • Numbers - In densely populated areas too few animals to make a difference to the population are usually caught.
  • long term solution that requires volunteers, money, vet care, time
  • Resources - for these programmes are also usually insufficient.
  • Issues for people - the animals can still constitute a danger in terms of aggression, pollution and RTAs.
  • Welfare – There is no guaranteed source of food, shelter and veterinary care.
22
Q

Health status examples of shelter animals

A
  • normally unkown and need to be reviewed and physical assessment in 72 hours
  • vac w/in 72 hours
  • treat endo/ecto parasites
    Emaciation
    Obesity
    Wounds from:
    Dog fighting, badger baiting
    Human abuse
    Neglect – e.g. Sores, hock burns, Matted fur, overgrown teeth, etc
    High parasite burdens
    Mange
    Any number of canine infectious diseases:
    Parvo
    Distemper
    Etc.
    Nutrition related disorders
    Mobility issues
    Endocrine disease
    Old age
    Deformities
23
Q

stress

A
  • animals likely to be stressed especially if relinquished from owners
  • reduce immunity and behavioural problems
24
Q

should shelter animals be treated

A
  • some obious cases
  • suffering and euthanasia only option
  • animal may suffer in future
  • finatial decision = some health issues too costly to treat, lengthy treatment
25
Q

hygiene and cleaning

A
  • RSPCA guidelines state that all places that dogs have access to must be kept clean
  • Cleaning schedules should be implemented and displayed. Daily, weekly and monthly. (how often clean, correct disinfectant used at correct ratio.)
  • make schedules when apply for licence]- train all staff
  • Spot cleaning permitted to reduce stress. Full clean out when animal leaves.
  • This should be included in the health plan developed with vet advice.
26
Q

neutering

A
  • Many UK rescue centres will neuter the animal before it is available for adoption
  • Young animals? Don’t want to neuter too young, behavioural probs
  • Many rescue centres in poorer countries are not able to do this.
  • Potential reoccurring welfare concern? Lack of money
27
Q

common behavioural problems seen in shelters

A
  • Most behavioural problems are perceived by the owner as “abnormal” behaviours.
  • The vast majority of “behavioural problems” are actually completely normal behaviours for the companion animal under consideration.
  • However, these behaviours may be inappropriately carried out and be causing a difficulty for the owner
  • solved in shelters if behaviourist on site (some once a week, resident, not at all)
    ~ Fear, anxiety and phobia related disorders.
    ~ Compulsive disorders.
    ~ Elimination disorders.
    ~ Aggression
  • could develop behaviour problems because of stay
    = affect rate rehomed (as well as breed/colour/age)
28
Q

signs of stress, fear and anxiety

A 
changes in behaviour (e.g. activity)
Emergence of fearful behaviour (e.g. aggression,
cowering, hiding)
Self-mutilation or over-grooming
Performance of repetitive behaviour
Shivering
Trembling
Sore tails – wack on walls of kennel
Paw-lifting
Weight loss
Loose faeces
Coprophagy (consumption of faeces)
Sore feet
High levels of vocalisation, or
Kennel chewing
29
Q

how to reduce stress

A
  • exercise = reduces sterotypical behaviours and barking and resting behaviour
  • music = classical music shown to reduce stress
  • social contact with other dogs offlead(introduce with caution as some wont react well)
  • toys and food erichment (safe durable, maintain interset)
    ~ if shred = no more enrichment due to cost
    ~ toy type depends on individual
    ~ some dont engage at all
30
Q

aggressive dogs

A
  • RSPCA aware that, in some cases, staff are so concerned about a dog’s aggressive behaviour and the risk posed to themselves that a decision is made to withhold exercise and human contact.
    = Aggressive and exhaserbate problem
  • Whilst it is acknowledged that health and safety of kennel staff must be protected, not providing a dog with daily exercise or contact fails to fulfil the need to make sure a dog can behave normally, its need for company and to protect the dog from suffering.
  • In the majority of cases, dogs display aggression because they feel threatened by something or someone
  • So this behaviour is generally indicative of poor welfare.
  • Therefore, where such situations arise, and it is believed that there is no alternative but to withhold exercise and human contact…
  • It is necessary for all other possible means of improving the dog’s welfare to be explored which includes providing further enrichment and seeking advice from a vet and suitable behaviour expert.
  • vet prescribe psychopharmacological intervention
  • euthenasia considered if fail to protect dog
31
Q

short term an long term stays

A
  • Titulear, et al. (2013) found that urinary cortisol:creatine levels were not significantly different between short and long stay dogs.
  • However, levels in both groups were high
    ~ Physiological stress response
  • Behaviours between groups were similar
  • Long stay showed more resting behaviours, lack of interest in enviro
  • Staff perceived welfare of both groups to be similar
  • Long stay group perceived to:
    ~ play less with people
    ~ Bark and growl more at strange dogs
    ~ Play more with objects when with another dog
  • Overall, the study suggested large individual variation in measures of welfare and behaviour.
  • Few differences between dogs housed for more than 6 months and short stays.
  • study suggests that the welfare of dogs is influenced more by specific aspects of their individual kennel experience
    (Rather than overall time spent in kennels)
32
Q

Dog welfare in kennel enviro

A
  • research on kennel dog find life challenging
  • spacial restriction most impactful when compromising welfare
  • poor welfare
  • certain kennel aspects diffficult to cope (size, material, restricted exercise, limited human/dog contact)
  • show sterotypical behaviours
  • working dogs = transition very stressful
  • as well as pets with no/little experience
33
Q

financial implications of shelters

A
  • require volunteers
  • compation fatigue
  • overworked and underpaid
  • which animals to euthanise decision made higher up = staff walk out en mass, welfare compromised for animals as no one look after them
  • funding = charity
  • vary between centres (big organisations compared to sole operations

Applied Companion Animal Health (20 decks)

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