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Applied Companion Animal Health > Problem Behaviours and Behavioural Problems > Flashcards

Problem Behaviours and Behavioural Problems Flashcards

1
Q

Causal factors

A

= factors that cause behaviour to start and stop

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2
Q

Motivation

A

= process whithin the brain controlling which behaviours and physiological changes occur and when

  • can be positive or negative
  • motivation to approach or avoid situation
  • driving force behind any type of behaviour
  • intervening variable between input (causal factors) and output (behaviour)
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3
Q

What happens when animal cant satisfy its motivations

A
  • fustration behaviour that satisfy important motivations are common cause of behavioural problems
  • rodent given no opportunity to dig in conditions provide, still have motivation but display in undesirable way
  • cats motivated to hunt, survival mechanism, no opertunity = redirect agression or damage environement to redirect motivation
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4
Q

Behavioural problems or problem behaviours - owner reporting

A 
- many behaviours only reported by pet owners when become inconvinient
~ destructive
~ inappropriate elimination
~ barking
~ aggression
~ phobias
~ separation anxiety
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5
Q

Problem behaviours

A

= behaviours unwanted by owner but may not represent a difficulty for animal
- normal response to situation

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6
Q

Behavioural problems

A

= behaviours that are indicative that the animal is experiencing a difficulty with its living conditions
- its welfare is poor

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7
Q

Abnormal behaviour

A

= behaviour which differs in pattern, freq or context from that which is shown by most members of the species in conditions which allow full range of behaviour
- e.g. captive animals behavoir varies from wild of same species

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8
Q

Barking in dogs

A
  • normal behavior for dogs
  • high freq of barking ininnapropriate contexts may be a problem for owner
    causes:
    ~ teritorial
    ~ play
    ~stereotypic barking = repetitive, hard to break out of
    ~ social facilitation
    ~ leaned response
    ~ fear anxiety
    ~ fustration
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9
Q

inappropriate elimination in cats

A
  • eliminating normal behaviour for cats
  • inappropriate locations problem for owners
  • older, kidney disorder can affect ability to eliminate normaly
    ~ litter tray aversion (dirty, not secluded, too close to feed, litter preference not met)
    ~ stress (change in routine, threatening cat)
    ~ territorial marking
    ~ medical problems
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10
Q

How to reduce instances of problem behaviours

A
  • improved knowledge of pet behaviour and requirements by owner
  • not rewarding dogs when bark
  • provide appropriate litter box for cats
  • realistic expectations about behaviour we desire in pets
  • dont expect turn on affection when convenient for you
  • start young leave for increasing periods of time to prevent separation anxiety
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11
Q

Anthropomorphised responses

A
  • performing a problem behavior immediately after you have denied your pet something is likely to be either a stress response or a leaned response
    e. g. destroying furniture or urinating on bed when left alone
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12
Q

Guilty look

A
  • people think dog knows done something wrong and looks guilty
  • dog left in a room with food, told not to eat, person comes back in and asked based on facial expression if dog eaten food
  • entirely un related if food gone or not
  • guilty look more to do with human signals
  • more guilty behaviours seen in dogs that were scolded, even if not eaten treat
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13
Q

Behavioural problems - two common

A
  • stereotypes
  • redirected behaviours
  • often used as indicator of animal welfare
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14
Q

Stereotypes

A

= repeated relatively invarient sequence of movements that has no obious purpose
- compulsive disorders
e.g. self grooming/rocking, feather pecking, pacing
- occur in environments where the animal has little control (unable to satisfy motivations
- indicates that the animal difficulty coping
~ in particular if animal performs sterotypies often (>5% of day)
- over inactivity, hard to identify (hiding, sleeping for long time)

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15
Q

Causes of sterotypies

A
  • specific causes are multivariate and not fully understood
  • occur more often in situations where individuals lack control over enviro and animal severely restricted
    ~ feed restriction
    ~ severe confinement
    ~ social isolation
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16
Q

Oral sterotypies

A
  • sows
  • pigs normally spend large part of day foraging and rooting the ground
  • rooting behaviour = appetitive behaviour
  • rewarding for sows
  • motivated to root even if provided with feed by humans
  • in stalls still motivated but no substrate to manipulate
  • motivation to root = increases due to hunger
  • intensively housed sows are restrictively fed and experience greater deal of hunger
  • redirect foraging behaviour to oral manipulation of environment
    ~ bar biting
    ~sham chewing
    ~ drinker pressing
    ~snout rubbing
  • behaviours indicate difficulty coping with conditions
17
Q

Appetitive and consumatory behaviours

A
  • behavioural sequence used to satisfy a motivation and is composed of two parts
    ~ appetitive behaviour = the behaviours involved in obtaining the resource
    ~ consumatory = behaviour involved in using the resource to satisfy the motivation
  • both behaviours rewarding for animal
  • consumatory benefit to survival
  • appetitive evolved to be rewarding so animal performs it without receiving an immediate reward
18
Q

development of sterotypies

A
  • sterotypies can arise from fustrated behavioural sequences over long periods of time
    e.g. pacing may develop from fustrated escape beahviour
  • process not fully understood
  • animal may develop sterotypical appetitive behaviours
    ~ if behaviour restrictited, animal still may be able to perform some rewarding behaviours (e.g. calves motivated to groom and feed, taken away from mother, still able to groom)
    ~ if only rewarding aspect in enviro, behaviour performed excessively
19
Q

Persistence of stereotypies

A
  • once developed sterotypies are part of the beahioural repertoire of animal
  • though constant repitiom they become fixed, unvarying behaviour that the animal performs for the rest of its life
  • they persist even if source of fustration removed
  • freq of performance change but can re-occur in stressful situations
20
Q

Sterotypies as a coping mechanism

A
  • some evidence that performing sterotypies may provide form of coping for some animals
  • may provide sensory input in barren enviro
  • may allow some behavioural expression in situation of behavioural restriction
  • some evidence that is may improve welfare in some situations e.g. tongue roling
21
Q

Redirected behaviours

A
  • occur when a behavioural sequence is fustrated so the animal directs the behaviour to another aspect of the environemnt
  • e.g. hungry sows redirecting their foraging behaviour to the bars of their pen
  • redirected behaviours can be differentiated from sterotypes in that they stop coccuring when the source of fustration is removed
22
Q

Inadequacy of function

A
  • genrally due to suboptimal social environment when young preventing animals from developing appropriate social skills
  • inadequate sexual/parental/social behaviour
23
Q

Separation anxiety in dogs

A 
= apprehensive anticipation of threat
- func = broaden animals attention so prepared to react
- dogs with this disorder typically eliminate, vocalise or engage in destructive behaviour when left alone
- reported by 20% owners
- contributing factor to destructiveness
~ abense of owners
~ lack of environmental
~ barrier or enclosure fustration
~ breed
24
Q

Preventing behavioural problems - breeding

A
  • growing evidence that puppies can inherit less desirable genetic behavioural traits from parents
    ~ noise sensitivity
    ~ nervousness
    ~ idiopathic aggression = agression no clear cause for toward other dogs or people
    ~ higher propensity for anxiety/stress when presented with novel environmental stimuli
25
Q

Pre-natal stress

A
  • initiating factor for dogs presenting behvioral problems
  • puppies born to mothers who experienced acute or chronic stress more likely to show
    ~ retarded motor and learning development
    ~ abnormal exploratory, play, social, sexual and maternal behaviour
  • avoiding stress could help minimise this
26
Q

Worm burden during prgnancy

A
  • prenatal infection of toxocara canis can occur by larvae crossing placenta and milk into unborn pups
  • infestation of worms impairs food absorption, stunt growth, may cause gastrointestinal dysfunction and can lead to anaemia
  • pups who have a large burdan may apper to be lethargic and intollerant to be picked up = discomfort from swollen bellies
  • behavioural consequences little researched but in mice large burdan of T.canis can cause impaired learning, increased fearfulness of non-novel stimuli and increased aggression
27
Q

Socialisation

A
  • appropriate socialisation can prevent behavioural problems
    = process whereby an animal learns how to recognise and interact with its own species and the species wit which it cohabits
  • most sensitive period of behavioural development in terms of socialisation = 4-14 weeks in puppy
  • not critical period, therefore preferences can be formed and altered outside time boundries (but socialation at maximum in this period)
  • pups need to be introduced to wide range of experiences, people and animals
28
Q

Understanding cats

A
  • cats are solitary survivors and social relationships largely limited to relatives
  • need to be in control
  • free and immediate access to resources
  • limited behaviours to facilitate co-operation
  • avoidance prefered defence strategy, need to be able to evade sources of stress
  • privacy/seclusion = positive features of enviro
29
Q

Problems related to ownership

A
  • humans own pets as source of companionship and put certain demands on cats in terms of social interaction
  • human perception = cats need comapny in same way we do
  • feline perception = cats do not need company in same way
  • difference leads to problems
    ~ living in groups of unrelated animals
    ~ sharing important resources
    ~ denied oppertunity to hid or reterat potential conflict
    ~ repeatedly lifted of ground and restrained as humans source of affection
  • cats may live in state of chronic stress and social tension may display behavioural problems and medical conditions
30
Q

Fear

A

= apprehension of a stimulus, object or event

- highly adaptive response essential for survival

31
Q

Phobia

A

phobic fear

  • intense and out of context so limits normal behaviour
  • “all or nothing” once threshold has reached, fear becomes intense and unrealted to intensity of stimulus
  • unlike normal fear as it persists after threat has gone
  • sonophobia = fear of sounds (most common phobia in dogs e.g. fireworks)
  • visually-related phobias = can develop with or w/o a connection to sonophobia e.g. hot air baloons
32
Q

Elimination problems (dogs)

A
  • incomplete house trianing
  • anxiety urination - loss of control due to intense emotionality
  • excitement urination (increased arousal)
  • submissive urination (need to demonstrate appeasement)
  • marking behaviour
  • incontinence (potentially life threatening disorder)
33
Q

Aggression dogs and cats

A
  • most commonly reported catagory of behavioural problems in domestic dogs
  • behaviour of victim important factor in dog attacks
  • many bites can be avoided if owners better educated about behaviour
  • many types (play, defensive, redirected)
  • most common = intercat aggression
34
Q

Feline soiling issues

A
  • some most common behavior problems presented to vets only coming to light when cat presented for euthanasia due to this problem
  • variety of medical causes that can lead to innappropriate urination/defication which shold be ruled out first
  • a full clinical examination and urianalysis before considering underlying behavioural issues
  • once cat pronounced healthy import to determine if the cat is toileting in the house or is it using urine or faeces as markers.
  • Urine marking can easily be confused with elimination but can be distinguished by body posture, positioning of the urine or faeces and quantity produced.
35
Q

Refferal for behaviour problem

A
  • At present, there is no regulation of the clinical behaviourist profession and so quality of practitioners varies.
  • In order to refer, the most appropriate method is via a veterinary surgeon.
  • This ensures referral to a competent practitioner and also the opportunity to rule out any underlying medical issues.

Applied Companion Animal Health (20 decks)

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