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Applied Companion Animal Health > Animal Boarding: Health > Flashcards

Animal Boarding: Health Flashcards

1
Q

Canine vaccination - what do dogs need and kennel cough

A
  • Proof of vaccination
    ~ Boosters for distemper, parvovirus and canine hepatitis are needed every 3 years
    ~ Boosters for leptospirosis are needed every year
  • Varied requirement for Kennel cough
    ~ not given routinely at the vets and needs to be requested.
    ~ Some boarding kennels state that dogs must be vaccinated
    ~ Others not required
    ~ high morbidity but low mortality
    ~ persistent (lasting up to six weeks)
    ~ Can be fatal in some individuals: old, young, immuno-compromised
    ~ widespread in dogs across UK
    ~ All dogs at risk.
    ~ BSAVA advise all dogs in kennels should be vaccinated
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2
Q

Feline vaccinations

- core vaccinations

A
  • All catteries require the core vaccines:
    ~ Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) (AKA Feline Distemper and feline infectious enteritis)
    ~ Feline herpes virus (FHV)
    (feline viral rhintracheitis)
    ~ Feline calicivirus (FCV)
    ~ Feline leukaemia virus
  • Required yearly
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3
Q

Feline vaccination

- what some catteries require

A
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Chlamydophila felis
  • feline leukaemia virus.
    ~ argument that hygiene precautions should prevent exposure to these agents.
    ~ cats should not come into contact with each other
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4
Q

Rabbit vaccinations

- Myomatosis and Viral Haemorrhagic Disease 1 (VHD1)

A

~ Nobivac combined vaccine.
~ Given from 7 weeks of age
~ Boosters given every 6-12 months

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5
Q

rabbit vaccination

- Nobivac Myxo-RHD PLUS

A

~ active immunisation of rabbits from 5 weeks of age onwards
~ reduce mortality and clinical signs of myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) caused by classical RHD virus (RHDV1) and RHD type 2 virus (RHDV2).
~ Onset of immunity: 3 weeks.
~ Duration of immunity: 1 year
- better option for boarding = all 3 diseases covered
- very new vac

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6
Q

rabbit vaccination

- Filavac K C+D – VHD1 and VHD2

A
  • Given from 10 weeks of age
  • Onset of immunity 9 days
    ~ Can be given sooner if high risk, but booster must be given again at 10 weeks
  • Boosters currently recommended every 6 months due to epidemic
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7
Q

rabbit vaccination

- eravac

A
  • VHD2
  • Given from 30 days of age
  • Onset of immunity 9 days
  • Duration of immunity 9 months
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8
Q

rabbit vaccination

- what boarding facilities require

A
  • Most, but not all, rabbit boarding facilities require vaccination against
    = VHD1 and Myxomatosis
  • few rabbits boarding facilities require VHD2
  • There has been an epidemic in the UK for + 4 years
  • Most require proof of vaccination every 12 months
  • Advice from vets about VHD2 is varied
  • Some boarding establishments state that they require VHD2, vets then give conflicting advice
  • No symptoms and can drop dead w/in 24 hours contracting disease??
  • VHD2 is airborne and can live in enviro for long time
  • only way to protect from VHD2 is vac
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9
Q

Do boarding faccilities require ecto/endo parasite proof of treatment?

A
  • no
  • Most kennels/catteries state that if the animal is found to be harbouring endo or ecto parasites = will be treated
  • customer will be charged for treatment, disinfection and vet fees
  • no reference made to parasites for small mammal boarding establishments
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10
Q

Ectoparasite risk - stress

A
  • Stress can affect the immune system of animals.
  • trigger an outbreak of the ectoparasites species which are part of the animals normal fauna
    ~ E.g. Cheyletiella parasitovorax in rabbits (walking dandruff), Demodex mites in dogs
  • As many boarding establishments would treat ecoparasite infections if spotted this may reduce the risk of infection of ectoparasite infections.
  • What would be the risk to the animal?
    ~ High risk
    ~ Acceptable risk?
    ~ Are they already at risk?
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11
Q

Endoparasite risk

A
  • Dogs, cats and rabbits are always at risk of picking up endoparasites.
  • Responsible owners should routinely treat.
  • There may be an increased risk due to increased environmental exposure
  • high risk to animal
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12
Q

Boarding animals with health problems

A
  • It is not uncommon for owners to increase usage of boarding kennels when their animal becomes incontinent or old.
  • Some owners who find it difficult to make the decision to PTS may take the animal to the kennels to make the decision for them.
  • If owners have a holiday booked they may still take the animal into board, even if they are aware of a health problem.
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13
Q

Nutrition in boarding

A
  • Most kennels accommodate nutritional requirements
  • It has been known for kennels/catteries to underfeed to reduce costs
  • Common with overweight animals
    ~ Health and welfare issue?
  • Eating faeces can be an issue
    ~ Stress, Nutrition deficiency, Boredom
  • Increased level of nutrition may be required (Stress, Cold)
  • Food and water provision?
    ~ Fussy cat/dog/rabbit
  • It is common for animals to lose weight in kennels due to stress = Kennel syndrome
    = dog fed same amount of food as normal but losing weight/condition
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14
Q

What overall health checks should be made before animals board?

A
  • health check
  • vaccinations
  • ecto/endoparasite treatment

~ If they are not treated risk to health is perceived same or similar as normal environmental risks.
~ Some owners may still board animals even if they know about health problem.
~ Nutrition may need to be altered to account for cold and stress

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15
Q

common behavioural problems

A
  • most behavioural problems percieved by ownera as abnormal behaviours
  • vast majority are normal behaviours
  • however the behaviours inapporpriately carried out and cause difficulty to owner
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16
Q

Preventing behavioural problems

- breeding

A
  • breeding = evidence pups inherit less desirable genetic behavioural traits
  • Noise sensitivity - linked to information processing by researchers in the USA. (collie, poodle)
  • Nervousness. (collies)
  • A higher propensity for anxiety and stress when presented with novel environmental stimuli. (staffies)
  • Idiopathic aggression (i.e. aggression there is no clear cause for) toward other dogs and/or people (Chihuahua)
17
Q

preventing behavioral problems

- socialisation

A
  • Appropriate socialisation of a puppy can help to prevent many behavioural problems.
  • Socialisation = the process whereby an animal learns how to recognise and interact with its own species and the species with which it cohabits.
  • The most sensitive period of behavioural development in terms of socialisation and habituation is from 4 to 14 weeks in the puppy (with particular emphasis on 4 – 8 weeks).
  • sensitive (rather than critical) period ~ form preferences and alter
  • puppies need to be introduced to wide variety of settings and experiences of people and animals
  • aim = dogs to be better equipped to cope with life in a human context.
  • dog = quite straightforward since it is a pack animal with an inbuilt desire for social interaction and a hierarchical structure similar to our own
  • reactions to stressful situations (boarding) are going to be affected by socialization period
    ~ individual, breed, age (as get older more anxious)
18
Q

How to socialise an animal to board - applying leaning theory

A
  • animals can learn new behaviour via operant or classical conditioning
    LOOK INTO
19
Q

Operant conditioning

A

= The strengthening of an active response by presenting a reinforcing stimulus if, and only if, the response occurs

  • dogs learn most things desirable/undesirable that are important to their owners this way
  • dogs learn even when no intention to teach them
  • problems created or exacerbated by owner teaching behaviour without intention
  • e.g. owner anxious, crying hugging before put into boarding = tell dog that there is something to be anxious about
20
Q

Classical conditioning

A

= The formation or strengthening of an association between a conditioned stimulus and a response, through the repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus that originally elicits the response

21
Q

4 Main disorders seen in kennels

A
  • Fear, anxiety and phobia related disorders.
  • Compulsive disorders.
  • Elimination disorders.
  • Aggression
22
Q

Fear, anxiety an phobia related disorders

- fear

A

= the apprehension of a stimulus, object or event.

  • Fear is a highly adaptive response which is essential for survival.
  • When experiencing fear the animal’s aim is to reduce the sensation of fear either by repelling (fight), escaping from or evading the source (flight)
  • not possible = animal will freeze and wait for an opportunity to engage another response or engage in displacement activity (fiddle!).
  • Fight, flight, freeze or fiddle!
23
Q

Fear, anxiety an phobia related disorders

- anxiety

A

= the apprehensive anticipation of threat.
- function = to broaden the animal’s attention so that it is prepared to react to any threat.
- key differences between anxiety and fear is the word “anticipation”, i.e for the anxious animal no threat is present but is anticipated.
- signs such as
~ arousal,
~ hypervigilance,
~ loss of attention,
~ restlessness
~ physiological responses such as increased heart rate and respiratory rate.

24
Q

How do cats and rabbits show fear and anxiety

A
  • either completely submit, purr, roll over or attack

- more hypervigilant, stomp feet, ears errect, darty

25
Q

Fear, anxiety an phobia related disorders

- phobia (phobic fear)

A
  • not like human phobia as irrational fear, need to consider functional and observable features of phobic threat
  • Phobic fear = Intense and out of context so that it limits normal behaviour.
  • “All or nothing”, i.e. once a threshold is reached the fear becomes intense and unrelated to the intensity of the stimulus.
  • Unlike normal fear in that it persists after the threat has gone.
26
Q

Types of phobia seen in dogs

A
  • Sonophobia – Fear of sounds, this is the most common phobia seen in dogs, e.g. fireworks.
  • Visually-related phobias – can develop with or without a connection to a sonophobia, e.g. hot air balloons
27
Q

Compulsive disorders

  • sterotypical behaviour
  • compulsive behaviour
A

= repetitive out of context locomotor behaviour, e.g. pacing, circling, running etc.

= incorporates non-locomotor continuous behaviours,
e.g. licking, self-mutilation, staring, increased inactivity, tail chasing, pacing

28
Q

What are the ideas of the key theorys to explain compulsive disorders

A

= ideas about how individuals cope with arousal and anticipation

  • are ppsychological states that are vital to normal behaviour and are linked to anxiety and normal expectations of a reward.
  • Most dogs have a normal ability to cope with arousal, anticipation and frustration.
  • Compulsive disorders appears to develop when the dog discovers that multiple repetition of a ritualised behaviour produces a reduction in arousal and frustration (connection with OCD in humans?).
29
Q

Elimination problems

  • what do they all result in
  • forms
A

= inappropriate elimination of either urine, faeces or both
~ Incomplete house-training.
~ Anxiety urination – loss of control due to intense emotionality.
~ Excitement urination - increased arousal.
~ Submissive urination – need to demonstrate appeasement.
~ Marking behaviour – leaving a signal to others.
~ Incontinence – potentially life-threatening disorder.

30
Q

Aggression

  • about
  • types
A
  • most commonly reported category of behaviour problems in domestic dogs.
  • The behaviour of the victim is an important factor in dog bite attacks.
  • Many bites can be avoided if dog owners were better educated about the behaviour of their own pets.
Fear based
Territorial
Protective
Maternal
Pain related
Possessive
Redirected
Inter-dog
Food related
Play
Predatory
Idiopathic
31
Q

Behavior modifying drugs

A
  • not a panacea

- they may mask and suppress clinical disease and they must always be used alongside behavioural therapy as a tool.

32
Q

Refferal for a behaviour problem

A
  • no regulation of the clinical behaviourist profession and so quality of practitioners varies.
  • In order to refer, the most appropriate method is via a veterinary surgeon.
  • ensures referral to a competent practitioner and also the opportunity to rule out any underlying medical issues
  • preventing behaviour better than cure
  • as more research carried out related to clinical behavior, treatment protocols are becoming more successful at improving the quality of life for pets and owners.
  • research also improve welfare and reduce no. animals euthanised or relinquished to rescues
33
Q

How stress compromises health and welfare

A
  • signs of stress in animals indicates compromised welfare
  • stress may reduce immune system.
  • stress may cause animal to stop eating.
  • stress may cause the animal to loose weight, even eating the same amount of food
  • Studies on a variety of species have repeatedly associated poor welfare with spatial restriction and barren environments

Applied Companion Animal Health (20 decks)

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